出版前言
道格拉斯?C?诺斯序——经济学教材的革命
林毅夫中文第12版序——经济学的样貌与灵魂
张维迎中文第11版序——为什么没有免费的午餐
梁小民中文第11版序——像经济学家一样思考
Preface 前 言
1 The Economic Way of Thinking 经济学的思维方式
Recognizing Order 认识秩序
The Importance of Social Cooperation 社会协作的重要性
How Does It Happen? 这一切是怎么发生的？
An Apparatus of the Mind—the skill of the economist
智力工具——经济学家的技能
Cooperation through mutual adjustment 通过相互调整进行合作
Rules of the game 游戏规则
Property rights as rules of the game 产权作为游戏规则
The biases of economic theory: a weakness or a strength?
经济学理论的偏倚：缺点还是优点？
Biases or conclusions 偏倚还是结论？
No theory means poor theory 没有理论就是糟糕的理论
Once over lightly 简短回顾
Questions for discussion 问题与讨论
2 Efficiency, Exchange, and Comparative Advantage
效率、交换与比较优势
Goods and Bads 好品和坏品
The Myth of Material Wealth 物质财富的误区
Trade Creates Wealth 贸易创造财富
Is It Worth It? Efficiency and Values 值不值？效率与价值
Recognizing Trade-Offs: Comparing Opportunity Costs of
Production
学会权衡：比较生产的机会成本
The Gains from Specialization and Exchange
从专业化和交换中获益
Why Specialize? 为什么要专业化？
From Individual Trade to International Trade, and Back Again
从人际贸易到国际贸易，再到人际贸易
Transaction Costs 交易成本
Incentives to Reduce Transaction Costs: Middlemen
降低交易成本的激励：中间人
Middlemen Create Information 中间人创造信息
Markets as Discovery Processes 市场作为发现过程
An Appendix: Economic Growth: Specialization, Exchange, and The
Rule of Law
延伸阅读： 经济增长：专业化、交换和法治
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
3 Substitutes Everywhere: The Concept of Demand
无处不在的替代：需求的概念
On the Notion of “Needs” 关于“需要”
Marginal Values 边际价值
Everyday Choices Are Marginal Choices 日常选择就是边际选择
The Demand Curve 需求曲线
The Law of Demand 需求法则
Demand and Quantity Demanded 需求和需求量
Demand Itself Can Change 需求自身也会变
Everything Depends on Everything Else 任何事物都依赖于其他事物
Misperceptions Caused by Inflation 通货膨胀导致的错觉
Time Is on Our Side 时间站在我们这一边
Price Elasticity of Demand 需求的价格弹性
Thinking About Elasticity 对弹性的思考
Elasticity and Total Receipts 弹性与总收入
The Myth of Vertical Demand 垂直需求的误区
All Scarce Goods Must Be Rationed Somehow 所有稀缺品都必须以某种方式分配
Is Money All That Matters? Money Costs, Other Costs, and Economic
Calculation
只有钱重要吗？货币成本、其他成本和经济计算
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
4 Cost and Choice: The Concept of Supply
成本和选择：供给的概念
Refresher on Opportunity Costs 对机会成本的复习
Costs Are Tied to Actions, Not Things 成本和行为而不是事物相关
What Do I Do Now? The Irrelevance of “Sunk Costs”
我现在该干什么？“沉没成本”的无关性
Producers’ Costs as Opportunity Costs 生产者的成本作为机会成本
Marginal Opportunity Costs 边际机会成本
Costs and Supply 成本和供给
The Supply Curve 供给曲线
Supply Itself Can Change 供给自身也会变
Marginal and Average Costs 边际成本和平均成本
The Cost of a Volunteer Military Force 志愿兵役制度的成本
Price Elasticity of Supply 供给的价格弹性
Cost as Justification 用成本论证正当性
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
5 Supply and Demand: A Process of Coordination
供给与需求：协调的过程
The Market Is a Process of Plan Coordination
市场是计划协调的过程
The Basic Process 基本过程
Competition, Cooperation, and Market Clearing
竞争、合作与市场出清
Changing Market Conditions 变动的市场条件
Learning from Free-Market Prices 理解自由市场价格
Central Planning and the Knowledge Problem
中央计划和知识问题
An Appendix: Coordination Problems: Transaction Costs
延伸阅读：协调遇到的问题：交易成本
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
6 Unintended Consequences: More Applications of Supply and
Demand
无意的后果：供求规律的更多应用
Catastrophe and Confusion 自然灾害时供求的迷思
Catastrophe and Coordination 自然灾害时供求的协调
The Urge to Fix Prices 限价的冲动
Competition When Prices Are Fixed 价格固定时的竞争
Appropriate and Inappropriate Signals 恰当与不恰当的信号
Looking for an Apartment in the City? Read the Obituary!
想在城里找公寓吗？看讣告吧！
Strong Booze, Stronger Drugs: Criminal Incentives
烈酒、烈性毒品：犯罪的激励
Skim Milk, Whole Milk, and Gangster Milkmen
脱脂牛奶、全脂牛奶和“牛奶匪帮”
Supports and Surpluses 价格下限与生产过剩
Supply, Demand, and the Minimum Wage 供给、需求和最低工资
Slavery Goes Global, Again 奴隶贸易再次全球化
Do Costs Determine Prices? 成本决定价格吗？
The Dropouts Release Their First CD
“退出者”发行了他们的第一张唱片
“There’s Gold in Them Thar Hills!” So What?
“山里有金子！”那又怎么样？
Even Butchers Don’t Have the Guts 甚至连屠户都没这个胆子
Why Does It Cost So Much to Change Bedpans?
为什么医院里换个便盆都这么贵？
An Appendix: Framing Economic Questions Correctly
延伸阅读：正确地表述经济问题
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
7 Profit and Loss 利润与亏损
Wage, Rent, and Interest: Incomes Established in Advance by
Contract
工资、租金和利息：用合同事先确定的收入
Profit: Income That Can Be Positive or Negative
利润：可正可负的收入
Calculating Profit: What Should Be Included in Costs?
计算利润：哪些应该计入成本？
Comparing Economic Profit and Accounting Profit
比较经济利润和会计利润
Uncertainty: A Necessary Condition for Profit
不确定性：利润的必要条件
The Entrepreneur 企业家
The Entrepreneur as Residual Claimant 作为剩余索取者的企业家
Not-for-Profit Institutions 非营利机构
Entrepreneurship and the Market Process 企业家才能与市场过程
Mere Luck? 仅仅是运气吗？
Profit and Loss as Coordinating Signals: The Role of Monetary
Calculation
利润与亏损作为协调的信号：货币计量的作用
Beware of Experts 小心专家
An Appendix: Profiteering in Futures Markets
延伸阅读：在期货市场上赚取利润
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
8 Price Searching 觅 价
The Popular Theory of Price Setting 定价的流行理论
Introducing Ed Sike 艾德?赛克登场
The Basic Rule for Maximizing Net Revenue
净收益最大化的基本法则
The Concept of Marginal Revenue 边际收益的概念
Why Marginal Revenue Is Less Than Price
为什么边际收益会低于价格？
Setting Marginal Revenue to Equal Marginal Cost
让边际收益等于边际成本
What About Those Empty Seats? 那些空座位呢？
The Price Discriminator’s Dilemma 差别定价者的困境
The College as Price Searcher 学校作为觅价者
Some Strategies for Price Discrimination
一些差别定价策略
Ed Sike Finds a Way 艾德?赛克找到了一个办法
Resentment and Rationale 不满情绪与“合理化”辩解
Lunch and Dinner Prices 午餐价和晚餐价
Cost-Plus-Markup Reconsidered 重新思考成本加成
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
9 Competition and Government Policy 竞争与政府政策
Competition as a Process 竞争作为一个过程
The Pressures of Competition 竞争的压力
Controlling Competition 控制竞争
Restrictions on Competition 对竞争的限制
Competition for the Key Resource:
The $600,000 Taxi License 对核心资源的竞争：60万美元的出租车执照
Competition and Property Rights 竞争和财产权
The Ambivalence of Government Policies 政府政策的矛盾性
Selling Below Cost 低于成本销售
What Is the Appropriate Cost? 什么是适当的成本？
“Predators” and Competition “掠夺者”和竞争
Regulating Prices 价格管制
“Antitrust” Policy “反托拉斯”政策
Interpretations and Applications 解释和应用
Vertical Restraints: Competitive or Anticompetitive
纵向限制：竞争或反竞争
The Range of Opinion 观点谱系
Toward Evaluation 对于竞争政策的评估
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
10 Externalities and Conflicting Rights
外部性与冲突的权利
Externalities, Negative and Positive 正外部性和负外部性
Perfection Is Unattainable 十全十美无法达到
Negotiation 协 商
Reducing Externalities Through Adjudication
通过裁定减少外部性
The Case of the Complaining Homeowner 抱怨的房主
The Importance of Precedents 先例的重要性
The Problem of Radical Change 剧烈变化带来的问题
Reducing Externalities Through Legislation
通过立法减少外部性
Minimizing Costs 把成本降到最低
Another Approach: Taxing Emissions 另一种办法：征收排放税
Licenses to Pollute? 污染许可证？
Efficiency and Fairness 效率和公平
The Bubble Concept 泡泡法
Rights and the Social Problem of Pollution
权利和污染带来的社会问题
Traffic Congestion as an Externality 交通拥堵作为一种外部性
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
11 Markets and Government 市场与政府
Private Versus Public? 私人还是公共？
Competition and Individualism 竞争和个人主义
Economic Theory and Government Action 经济理论和政府行为
The Right to Use Coercion 采取强制的权利
Is Government Necessary? 政府是必要的吗？
Excluding Nonpayers 排除不付钱的人
The Free-Rider Problem 搭便车问题
Positive Externalities and Free Riders 正外部性和搭便车
Law and Order 法律和秩序
National Defense 国 防
Roads and Schools 道路和学校
Income Redistribution 收入再分配
The Regulation of Voluntary Exchange 自愿交易的管制
Government and the Public Interest 政府和公共利益
Information and Democratic Governments 信息和民主政府
The Interests of Elected Officials 民选官员的利益
Concentrated Benefits, Dispersed Costs 集中的收益，分散的成本
Positive Externalities and Government Policies
正外部性和政府政策
How Do People Identify the Public Interest?
人们如何界定公共利益
The Prisoners’ Dilemma 囚徒困境
The Limits of Political Institutions 政治制度的局限
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
12 Measuring the Overall Performance of Economic
Systems
衡量经济系统的整体绩效
Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值
GDP or GNP? GDP还是GNP？
GDP as Total Income Created in the Domestic Economy
GDP作为国内经济创造的总收入
GDP Is Not a Measure of All Purchases in the Economy
GDP衡量的并非经济系统中的所有购买
GDP as Total Value Added GDP作为总附加价值
Is Value Added Always Positive? 附加价值是否总是正的？
Loose Ends: Unsold Inventories and Used Goods
零散问题：未出售的存货和二手货
Aggregate Fluctuations 总量波动
Unemployment and Nonemployment 失业和未就业
Employed, Not Employed, and Unemployed 就业、未就业和失业
Labor-Market Decisions 劳动力市场中的决策
Unemployment and Recessions 失业和经济衰退
Inflation 通货膨胀
The Difficulties of Monetary Calculation 货币计量的难题
Recession and Inflation Since 1960
1960年以来的经济衰退和通货膨胀
What Causes Aggregate Fluctuations? 什么导致总量波动？
An Appendix: Limitations of National Income Accounting
延伸阅读：国民收入核算的局限
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
13 The Wealth of Nations: Globalization and Economic
Growth
国家的财富：全球化与经济增长
Who Is Rich, Who Is Poor? 谁富，谁穷？
The Historical Record 历史记录
Sources of Economic Growth 经济增长的源泉
Foreign Investment 外国投资
Human Capital 人力资本
Oil Comes from Our Minds 石油来自我们的头脑
Economic Freedom Index 经济自由度指数
The Developmental Power of Private Property Rights
私有产权对发展的作用
The Asian Record 亚洲记录
Outside of Asia 亚洲之外
Globalization and Its Discontents 全球化及其不满
The Power of Popular Opinion 公众意见的力量
The Power of Special Interests 特殊利益的力量
The Outsourcing Controversy: Soundbytes vs. Analysis
外包的争论：脱口秀还是分析
An Appendix: The Difficulties of International GDP
Comparisons
延伸阅读：跨国GDP比较的难点
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
14 Money 货 币
The Evolution of Money 货币的演化
The Myth of Fiat Money 法定货币的故事
The Nature of Money Today 当今货币的性质
So How Much Money Is Out There? 市面上有多少货币？
The Creation of Money 货币的创造
What Can Be Created Can Be Destroyed
任何可以创造出来的东西都可以被灭失
Credibility and Confidence 信用和信任
Banks Under Regulation: Legal Reserve Requirements
受管制的银行：法定存款准备金制度
The Fed as Monitor and Rule Enforcer
美联储作为监督者和规则实施者
The Tools Used by the Fed 美联储的工具
The Discount Rate 贴现率
Open Market Operations 公开市场操作
But Who Is Really in Charge? 但是谁真正做主呢？
An Appendix: What about Gold? 延伸阅读：那么黄金呢？
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
15 Economic Performance and Real-World Politics
经济绩效和真实世界中的政治
The Great Depression 经济大萧条
What Really Happens in a Recession? 经济衰退期间究竟会发生什么？
A Cluster of Errors 错误集群
Monetary Mismanagement, Monetary Miscalculation
货币的不良管理和错误计算
Monetary Equilibrium 货币均衡
When Is Monetary Policy Effective? 货币政策何时有效？
The Case for Fiscal Policy 财政政策
The Necessity of Good Timing 掌握好时机的必要性
The Federal Budget as a Policy Tool 联邦预算作为一种政策工具
Time Horizons and Politics 任期和政治
Deficits Unlimited 无限度的赤字
Why Not Government at All Levels? 为什么不是各级政府都如此？
Discretion and Rules 自由裁量和规则
Who Is at the Controls? 谁掌权？
Once Over Lightly 简短回顾
Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论
16 Renewal of the Debate: Some Parting Thoughts
辩论的更新：临别的思想赠言
The Great Financial Crisis of 2008 . . . and Beyond
2008年及其后的金融大海啸
But First: The SL Crisis of the 1980s
先得回顾20世纪80年代的存贷危机
The Subprime Mortgage Crisis: Hurting the Disadvantaged by Helping
the Disadvantaged
次贷危机：对弱势群体的帮助反而害了他们
Profit, Loss, and Bailout: Can a Government Agency Be a Good
Entrepreneur?
利润、亏损和援助：政府机构可以成为一个好企业家吗？
What Economists Know and the Limitations of Economics
经济学家知道什么和经济学的局限
Beyond Mere Economics 超越纯粹的经济学
Glossary 重要词汇
Index 索 引
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