目录
Detailed Contents
前言............................................................................................................................
i
使用本书..................................................................................................................
iii
Chapter 1 托福写作介绍
TOEFL WRITING INTRODUCTION 1
写作部分简介Essay Organization Introduction 3
综合写作简介Integrated Writing Task Introduction 4
综合写作技巧Integrated Writing Skills 7
独立写作简介Essay Organization Introduction 9
独立写作题目总结Independent Writing Task Summary 10
Chapter 2 文章结构
ESSAY ORGANIZATION 19
文章结构介绍Essay Organization Introduction 21
文章开头Opening Paragraph 22
正文结构Body Paragraphs 25
结尾段落Concluding Paragraph 27
Chapter 3 文章发展
ESSAY DEVELOPMENT 29
文章发展介绍Essay Development Introduction 31
因果展开Cause and Effect 32
举例子Giving Examples 36
对比与比较Contrast and Comparison 38
下定义Giving Definition 41
陈述观点Presenting Viewpoints 42
常用过渡语Transitional Words and Phrases 46
Chapter 4 句子构建
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION 49
基本句型Basic Sentence Types 51
悬挂修饰Dangling Modifier 55
平行结构Parallel Sentence Structure 57
插入语Sentence Interrupter 59
改变句子开头Varying Sentence Openings 60
句子简洁性Writing Concise Sentences 64
句子强调Using Emphatic Pattern 69
改写原文Paraphrase 70
Chapter 5 措辞与语法
WORDING AND GRAMMAR 73
避免非正式用语Avoiding Informal Words 75
避免主观用语Avoiding Personal Language 78
避免用词重复Avoiding Repeating Words 81
避免绝对用语Avoiding Absolute Words 84
避免性别歧视Avoiding Sexist Language 86
避免歧视残障人士Avoiding Offending People with Disabilities 88
主谓一致Subject-Verb Agreement 89
非谓语动词Non-verb 93
单词拼写Common Spelling Errors 99
单词首字母大写Capitalization 107
Chapter 6 功能表达
FUNCTIONAL MATERIAL BANK 109
Chapter 7 语料库：教育与学习
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: EDUCATION AND LEARNING 161
1. The Importance of Education【教育的重要性】163
2. The Benefits of College Education【大学教育的益处】164
3. Technology and Education【科技与教育】166
4. Positive Effects of Technology on Children【技术对儿童的好处】167
5. Negative Effects of Technology on Children【技术对儿童的坏处】168
6. The Importance of Homework【家庭作业的重要性】170
7. Education and Society【教育与社会】171
8. Benefits of Wearing School Uniforms【穿校服的好处】172
9. Benefits of Living on Campus【住校的好处】173
10. Benefits of Extracurricular Activities【课外活动的好处】173
11. Benefits of Small Classes【小班的好处】174
12. Benefits of Studying Abroad【出国留学的好处】174
13. Benefits of Getting Ph.D.【攻读博士学位的好处】176
14. Benefits of All Girls School【女子学校的好处】176
15. Benefits of Standardized Testing【标准化考试的好处】177
16. Negative Effects of Standardized Testing【标准化考试的坏处】178
Chapter 8 语料库：课程与教学
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: CURRICULUM AND TEACHING 181
1. The Importance of Art Education【艺术教育的重要性】183
2. The Benefits of Studying Economics【学习经济的好处】185
3. Benefits of Bilingual Education【双语教育的好处】186
4. Benefits of Learning English【学习英语的好处】186
5. The Benefits of Science Education【学习科学的好处】187
6. The Benefits of History Education【学习历史的好处】189
7. The Benefits of Music Education【音乐教育的好处】191
8. Characteristics of a Good Teacher【好老师的特点】193
9. Teacher and Learning【教师与学习】196
Chapter 9 语料库：环境与保护
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: ENVIRONMENT AND PROTECTION 197
1. Mother Nature【自然母亲】199
2. Protecting Plants【保护植被】201
3. Protecting the Oceans【保护海洋】203
4. Ozone Layer Depletion【臭氧层破坏】204
5. Endangered Species【濒危物种】205
6. Global Warming【全球变暖】206
7. Water Pollution【水污染】207
8. Water Resources【水资源】208
9. Air Pollution【空气污染】208
10. Environment Conservation【环境保护】209
Chapter 10 语料库：科技与生活
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE 211
1. Benefits of Science and Technology【科技的益处】213
2. Negative Effects of Science【科技的弊端】214
3. Science and Life【科学与生活】216
4. Technology and Human Society【科技与人类社会】217
5. Benefits of Automobiles【汽车的好处】218
6. Negative Effects of Automobiles【汽车的坏处】220
7. Benefits of Public Transportation【公共交通的好处】221
8. Benefits of Electric Vehicles【电动车的好处】221
9. About Cellphones【有关手机】222
10. Negative Effects of Cellphones【手机的坏处】223
11. Benefits of Computers【电脑的好处】224
12. Disadvantages of Internet【网络的弊端】225
13. The Importance of Renewable Energy【可再生资源的重要性】227
14. Effects of Conventional Electricity Production【传统发电影响】228
15. Benefits of Wind Energy【风能的好处】229
16. Benefits of Solar Energy【太阳能的好处】230
17. Healthy Life Style【健康生活方式】231
Chapter 11 语料库：休闲与健康
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: LEISURE AND HEALTH 233
1. Benefits of Traveling【旅行的好处】235
2. Benefits of Ecotourism【生态旅游的好处】236
3. Benefits of leisure Time【休闲的好处】237
4. Sports and Health【运动与健康】238
5. Benefits of Physical Exercise【体育锻炼的好处】240
6. Benefits of Sports for Students【运动对学生的好处】241
7. Cycling【自行车】242
8. Singing【唱歌】242
9. Handling Pressure【面对压力】243
Chapter 12 语料库：工作与财富
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: WORK AND WEALTH 245
1. Benefits of Volunteering【志愿工作的好处】247
2. Benefits of Team Work【团队协作的好处】248
3. Disadvantages of Team Work【团队协作的坏处】250
4. Benefits of Internship【实习的好处】250
5. Benefits of Job Rotation【岗位轮换的好处】252
6. Benefits of a Part-time Job【兼职的好处】252
7. Working at Home【居家工作】253
8. About Money【关于钱】254
9. How to Spend Money Wisely【如何明智地消费】256
10. Benefits of Money Management【资金管理的好处】257
11. Benefits of Budgeting【做预算的好处】258
12. Teaching Children About Money【教孩子理财】259
Chapter 13 语料库：亲情与友情
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: FAMILY AND FRIENDSHIP 261
1. The Importance of Families【家庭的重要性】263
2. Love【爱】265
3. Mothers【母亲】266
4. Fathers【父亲】268
5. Friendship【友谊】269
6. Man’s Best Friend【狗】272
Chapter 14 语料库：其他话题
WRITING MATERIAL BANK: COLLECTION OF OTHER TOPICS 273
1. Books【书籍】275
2. Benefits of Reading Books【读书的好处】276
3. Art Program Types【艺术分类】277
4. Negative Effects of TV【电视的负面影响】278
5. Benefits of Advertising【广告的好处】279
6. Benefits of Goal Setting【设定目标的好处】280
7. The Importance of Planning【计划的重要性】282
8. Embrace Failure【拥抱失败】284
9. Success【成功】285
10. About Cities【关于城市】287
Chapter 15 附录
APPENDIX 289
泛指词和特指词General and Specific Words 291
参考文献Reference 325
內容試閱：
写作部分简介brEssay Organization
Introductionbr写作部分是TOEFL iBT
考试四个部分中的最后一部分。有两部分组成，首先是综合写作（Integrated
WritingbrTask），然后是独立写作（Independent Writing
Task）。考试时，两部分中间没有休息。br阅读（3分钟） 230—300词阅读材料br综合写作
听力（约2分钟） 230—300词听力材料br写作（20分钟）
要求完成150—225词作文br独立写作 写作（30分钟） 完成至少300词作文br目前，TOEFL
iBT Writing
单项评分结合阅卷人和机器评分两方面。综合写作为两阅卷人评分。独立写作为br一个阅卷人评分，另外加入e-rator。ETS
官方对e-rator 的评价是：“e-rater does an excellent job
ofbrconsistently evaluating mechanical aspects of
language”。阅卷人和机器评分满分均为为5 分，最小分差为br1 分。当两个阅卷人的打分的分差超过1
分时，将有第三个阅卷人介入打分。综合写作的两个分数，加上独br立写作的两个分数，总和除以4，得到考生的写作分数。最终根据下表（本表仅选录平均分超过3.0
部分）br将考生分数换算成满分为30 分的对应分数。br平均分 换算后分数br5.00
30br4.75 29br4.50 28br4.25 27br4.00
25br3.75 24br3.50 22br3.25 21br3.00
20br4brSaving My
TOEFLbrWritingbr拯救我的TOEFLbr写作br综合写作简介brIntegrated
Writing Task Introductionbr考生进入写作部分时，第一道题目是综合写作“Integrated
Writing Task”。这部分的考试过程如下：br□ 限时3 分钟，阅读230—300
词文章；br□ 约2 分钟，听一篇230—300 词材料；br□ 限时20
分钟，完成一篇150—225
词作文。br近几年，阅读材料和听力材料的关系通常如下：br背景+立场br第一分论点+例证br第二分论点+例证br第三分论点+例证br背景+立场br第一分论点+例证br第二分论点+例证br第三分论点+例证brReading
Listeningbr反对br反对br反对br反对br考生首先限时3
分钟阅读一段230—300
词的文字，如下图。这段时间里，考生不需要大量地做笔记，因为br在写作过程，这篇文章仍然会出现在屏幕左侧。但是，考生最好记录阅读中的关键词汇。br5brChapter
1br托福写作介绍brTOEFL WRITING
INTRODUCTIONbr听力过程中，电脑界面类似于下图。听力内容只播放一遍。br例如，下文为一篇托福综合写作模拟试题的阅读部分。考生在3
分钟阅读时间内需要注意并记录以下几个关br键词（下划线斜粗体标出的）。brRembrandt is
the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However,
there are doubtsbrwhether some paintings attributed to
Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is
knownbras attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and
indeed the representation of the woman’s face is verybrmuch
like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are
problems with the painting that suggest itbrcould not be a
work by Rembrandt.brFirst, there is something inconsistent
about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing
abrwhite linen cap of a kind that only servants would
wear—yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious
furbrcollar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who
was known for his attention to the details of his
subjects’brclothing, would not have been guilty of such an
inconsistency.brSecond, Rembrandt was a master of painting
light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not
fitbrtogether. The face appears to be illuminated by light
reflected onto it from below. But below the face is
thebrdark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than
reflect it. So the face should appear partially inbrshadow
—which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such
an error.brFinally, examination of the back of the painting
reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several
piecesbrof wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often
painted on wood panels, no painting known to be
bybrRembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from
several pieces of wood.brFor these reasons the painting was
removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the
1930s.br近几年，托福综合写作部分都是，阅读中提出三个观点，然后听力内容分别反驳这三个观点。鉴于此，建议br考生在限时3
分钟阅读时，做类似下图的笔记。左侧主要分4
栏，第一行左边记录阅读中心立场，剩下的3br行左边记录阅读中三个分论点的关键词。右侧用于记录听力中的关键词。
購物車/收銀台(0) | 在線留言板
| 付款方式
| 運費計算
| 聯絡我們
| 幫助中心 |
加入書簽
HOME
新書上架
