Every person working in an investment bank or hedge fund has a
large part of his work connected to the lifecycle of a trade. It is
the glue by which all the departments are bound and the aggregated
success or failure of each trade determines the survival and growth
of the entire organization. Trading has evolved from a humble apple
grower wanting a stable price for his produce come harvest time, to
a complex and exciting industry comprising a significant share of
the global economy, and more recently, taking a hand in saving it.
It is the fundamental activity of investment banks, hedge funds,
pension funds and many other financial companies. There is no
better way to understanding the workings of a financial institution
than to follow the progress of a trade through all of its various
stages and all the activities performed upon it.
In the aftermath of the financial crisis, the financial world has
changed, with less emphasis on trading and entrepreneurial activity
and more on risk management, regulation and auditing. In this new
world order, there will be a much greater analysis of every trade,
and all market participants will need to have a much better
understanding of the impact of their work on the whole trade
cycle.
This book will dissect a trade into its component parts, track it
from pre-conception to maturity and how the trade effects each
business function of a financial institution. As well as
illustrating each part of the trade process, it will highlight the
legal, operational, liquidity, credit and market risks to which the
trade is exposed. Readers will benefit from a full understanding of
all parts of the trade process, including derivative and credit
derivative trades, and will also see, with examples where
appropriate, how the mismanagement of these risks led to today''s
financial crisis.
關於作者：
Robert Baker has spent the majority of his working life in the
financial services industry. He has worked at major investment
banks such as Barclays Capital, ABN Amro, UBS Warburg, NatWest
Markets and Rabobank as well as the Hedge Fund Solent Capital. He
has developed risk management and valuation systems across most
asset classes, specializing in credit derivatives.
Holding positions as programmer, project manager, business
analyst and head of technology he has worked in IT, from office and
quantitative groups. Using his knowledge of software, financial
products and the way investment banks and hedge funds operate; he
has bee able to interface between all of the business functions to
ensure accurate gathering and delivery of system
requirements.
In recent years, Robert has moved into consultancy helping a
range of companies in the financial sector to maximize their use of
IT and advising software vendors on how to tailor their products to
meet client expectations.
Robert holds an MA in mathematics from the University of
Oxford.
The author can be contacted by email at robert.baker@elmcroft.net
目錄：
Preface.
Author’s Note.
Acknowledgements.
PART I PRODUCTS AND THE BACKGROUND TO TRADING.
1 Trading.
1.1 How and why do people trade?
1.2 Factors affecting trade.
1.3 Market participants.
1.4 Means by which trades are transacted.
1.5 When is a trade live?
1.6 Consequences of trading.
1.7 Trading in the financial services industry.
1.8 What do we mean by a trade?
1.9 Who works on the trade and when?
1.10 Summary.
2 Risk.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Risk is inevitable.
2.3 Quantifying risk.
2.4 Methods of dealing with risk.
2.5 Managing risk.
2.6 Problems of unforeseen risk.
2.7 Summary.
3 Asset Classes.
3.1 Interest rates.
3.2 Foreign exchange FX.
3.3 Equity.
3.4 Bonds and credit.
3.5 Commodities.
3.6 Trading across asset classes.
3.7 Summary.
4 Derivatives, Structures and Hybrids.
4.1 What is a derivative?
4.2 Linear.
4.3 Nonlinear.
4.4 Some option terminology.
4.5 Option valuation.
4.6 Exotic options.
4.7 Structures and hybrids.
4.8 Importance of simpler products.
4.9 Trade matrix.
4.10 Summary.
5 Credit Derivatives.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 CDS.
5.3 CLN.
5.4 CDO.
5.5 Data relating to CDOs.
5.6 Practical aspects of CDO management.
5.7 Practical aspects of CDO valuation.
5.8 Why are credit derivatives different?
5.9 Summary.
6 Liquidity, Price and Leverage.
6.1 Liquidity.
6.2 Price.
6.3 Leverage.
PART II THE TRADE LIFECYCLE.
7 Anatomy of a Trade.
7.1 The underlying.
7.2 General.
7.3 Economic.
7.4 Sales.
7.5 Legal.
7.6 Booking.
7.7 Counterparty.
7.8 Timeline.
8 Lifecycle.
8.1 Pre Execution.
8.2 Execution and booking.
8.3 Confirmation.
8.4 Post booking.
8.5 Settlement.
8.6 Overnight.
8.7 Changes during lifetime.
8.8 Reporting during lifetime.
8.9 Exercise.
8.10 Maturity.
8.11 Example trade.
8.12 Summary.
9 Cashflows and Asset Holdings.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Holdings.
9.3 Value of holding.
9.4 Reconciliation.
9.5 Consolidated reporting.
9.6 Realised and unrealised PL.
9.7 Diversification.
9.8 Bank within a bank.
9.9 Custody of securities.
9.10 Risks.
9.11 Summary.
10 Risk Management.
10.1 Traders.
10.2 Risk control.
10.3 Trading management.
10.4 Senior management.
10.5 How do risks arise?
10.6 Different reasons for trades.
10.7 Hedging.
10.8 What happens when the trader is not around?
10.9 Types of risk.
10.10 Trading strategies.
10.11 Hedging strategies.
10.12 Summary.
11 Market Risk Control.
11.1 Various methodologies.
11.2 Need for risk.
11.3 Allocation of risk.
11.4 Monitoring of market risk.
11.5 Controlling the risk.
11.6 Responsibilities of the market risk control department.
11.7 Limitations of market risk departments.
11.8 Regulatory requirements.
11.9 Summary.
12 Counterparty Risk Control.
12.1 Reasons for non fulfilment of obligations.
12.2 Consequences of counterparty default.
12.3 Counterparty risk over time.
12.4 How to measure the risk.
12.5 Imposing limits.
12.6 Who is the counterparty?
12.7 Collateral.
12.8 Activities of the counterparty risk control department.
12.9 What are the risks involved in analysing credit risk?
12.10 Payment systems.
12.11 Summary.
13 Accounting.
13.1 Balance sheet.
13.2 Profit and loss account.
13.3 Financial reports for hedge funds and asset managers.
14 PL Attribution.
14.1 Benefits.
14.2 The process.
14.3 Example.
14.4 Summary.
PART III SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES.
15 People.
15.1 Traders.
15.2 Trading assistants.
15.3 Structurers.
15.4 Sales.
15.5 Researchers.
15.6 Middle office product control.
15.7 Back office operations.
15.8 Quantitative analyst.
15.9 Information technology.
15.10 Legal.
15.11 Model validation.
15.12 Market risk control department.
15.13 Counterparty risk control department.
15.14 Finance.
15.15 Internal audit.
15.16 Compliance.
15.17 Trading manager.
15.18 Management.
15.19 Human risks.
15.20 Summary.
16 Developing Processes for New Products and Improving Processes
for Existing Products.
16.1 What is a process?
16.2 The status quo.
16.3 How processes evolve.
16.4 Inventory of current systems.
16.5 Coping with change.
16.6 Improving the situation.
16.7 Inertia.
16.8 Summary.
17 New Products.
17.1 Origin of new products.
17.2 Trial basis.
17.3 New trade checklist.
17.4 New product evolution.
17.5 Risks.
17.6 Summary.
18 Systems.
18.1 What makes a good system?
18.2 IT procurement.
18.3 System stakeholders.
18.4 The IT team.
18.5 Timeline of a project.
18.6 Project management.
18.7 The IT divide.
18.8 Techniques and issues related to IT.
18.9 Systems architecture.
18.10 Different types of development.
18.11 Buy versus build.
18.12 Software vendors.
18.13 Performance.
18.14 Project estimation.
18.15 General thoughts on IT.
18.16 Summary.
19 Testing.
19.1 What is testing?
19.2 Why is testing important?
19.3 Who does testing?
19.4 When should testing be done?
19.5 What are the types of testing?
19.6 Fault logging.
19.7 Risks.
19.8 Summary.
20 Data.
20.1 Common characteristics.
20.2 Database.
20.3 Types of data.
20.4 Bidoffer spread.
20.5 Curves and surfaces.
20.6 Sets of market data.
20.7 Back testing.
20.8 How can data go wrong?
20.9 Typical data sources.
20.10 How to cope with corrections to data.
20.11 Data integrity.
20.12 The business risks of data.
20.13 Summary.
21 Reports.
21.1 Introduction.
21.2 What makes a good report?
21.3 Reporting requirements.
21.4 When things go wrong.
21.5 Redundancy.
21.6 Control.
21.7 Enhancement.
21.8 Security.
21.9 Risks.
21.10 Summary.
22 Calculation.
22.1 What does the calculation process actually do?
22.2 The calculation itself.
22.3 Sensitivity analysis.
22.4 Bootstrapping.
22.5 Calculation of dates.
22.6 Calibration to market.
22.7 Testing.
22.8 Integrating a model within a full system.
22.9 Risks associated with the valuation process.
22.10 Summary.
23 Mathematical Model and Systems Validation Geoff Chaplin.
23.1 Testing procedures.
23.2 Implementation and documentation.
23.3 Summary.
24 Regulatory, Legal and Compliance.
24.1 Regulatory requirements.
24.2 Legal.
24.3 Compliance.
24.4 Risks.
24.5 Summary.
25 Business Continuity Planning.
25.1 What is business continuity planning?
25.2 Why is it important?
25.3 Types of disaster.
25.4 How does it work?
25.5 Risks associated with BCP.
25.6 Summary.
PART IV WHAT CAN GO WRONG, THE CREDIT CRISIS.
26 Credit Derivatives and the Crisis of 2007 Robert Reoch.
26.1 Background.
26.2 The events of mid-2007.
26.3 Issues to be addressed.
26.4 Summary.
Appendix: Summary of Risks.
General comment – unforeseen risk.
Operational risk in the trade lifecycle.
Human risks.
Market risk control.
Counterparty risk control.
Cashflow.
Data.
Reporting.
New products.
Legal and regulatory.
Testing.
Business continuity planning BCP.
Valuation and model approval.
Management.
Documentation.
Front office.
Research.
IT and systems.
Effective control and support.
Recommended Reading.
Index.
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