Contents
History 1
Robert Boyle 2
John Mayow 6
Stephen Hales 10
Henry Cavendish 14
Carl Wilhelm Scheele 18
Joseph Priestley 22
Antoine Lavoisier 28
Alessandro Volta 36
Humphry Davy 40
Michael Faraday 44
Justus von Liebig 48
Gustav Kirchhoff 52
Gallery 57
Historical Chemical Instruments 58
Metal Displacement Reactions 76
Precipitation Reactions 84
Chemical Garden 94
Crystallization Processes 106
Color Changes 114
Bubbling Reactions 124
Fluorescent Droplets 132
Smoke 140
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PrefaceAbout BeautifulChemistry.netBeautifulChemistry.net started as a collaboration between University of Science and Tech-nology of China USTC and Tsinghua University Press TUP. The goal of this project is to bring the beauty of chemistry to the general public through digital media and technology. For example, we used 4K UltraHD cameras and macro lenses to capture chemical reactions in astonishing detail without the distraction of beakers or test tubes. At the molecular scale, we used computer graphics CG to showcase some of the most beautiful chemical structures selected from a large volume of scientific literature.BeautifulChemistry.net was launched on September 30th, 2014. By the end of 2015, over 310 thousand people 68 thousand from the US had visited our website, generating over 6 million page views. Our chemical reaction videos had been viewed over 5 million times. BeautifulChemistry.net was covered in many influential English media, such as Time, Huff-ington Post, Business Insider, Colossal, Gizmodo, C|Net, Creators Project, Slate, and other major media in China, France, Russia, Italy, Argentina, Hungary, Greek, Netherlands, and other countries. Through licensing, our chemical reaction footages appeared in more places, such as BBCs Newsnight, Discovery Channels Day Planet, MITx online course, and the web-site homepage of the Chemistry Department at Columbia University. In addition, our proj-ect won many awards including the Experts Choice award in the video category of the 2015 VIZZIES Visualization Challenge organized by NSF and Popular Science.
Preface Ⅲ
About the booksBuilding on the success of BeautifulChemistry.net, we prepared two books: Beautiful Chem-ical Reactions Reactions for short and Beautiful Chemical Structures Structures for short. Reactions is recommended to all readers, including those without much experience in chem-istry, who will enjoy the wonderful colors and shapes generated during chemical reactions. Structures is recommended to readers with some chemistry background, who will enjoy a stunning collection of the most beautiful chemical structures.To expand the scope and depth of the content in these books, we add in each book over 50 pages of History section. In Reactions, we focus on the history of chemistry from 1660 to 1860 through explaining the chemical instruments used by 12 famous chemists: Robert Boyle 16271691, John Mayow 16411679, Stephen Hales 16771761, Henry Cavendish 17311810, Carl Wihelm Scheele 17421786, Joseph Priestley 1733 1804, Antoine Lavoisier 17431794, Alessandro Volta 17451827, Humphry Davy 17781829, Michael Faraday 17911867, Justus von Liebig 18031873, Gustav Kirchhoff 18241887. In these 200 years, chemistry transformed from practical art and mysterious alchemy to a physical science with great precision. In Structures, we look at how scientists discovered the invisible molecular world through 10 topics: Chemical Sym-bols, Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonds, Crystal Structure, Organic Molecules, Polymers, Biomacromolecules, Nanoparticles, Carbon Nanostructure, and Surface Structure..In addition, each book includes a Gallery section. In Reactions, readers can find photorealistic CG reproductions of 15 important historical chemical instruments and chemical reaction pictures extracted from our popular 4K videos. In Structures, readers can find beautiful visu-alizations of 58 chemical structures and the screenshots of a CG animation to showcase the unique beauty of chemical structures. Brief explanations of all 58 structures can be found in the Notes section of Structures.During the preparation of these two books, we paid a lot of attention to the quality of the il-lustrations. For example, the hand drawings and CG renderings of historical chemical instru-ments in the History and Gallery sections of Reactions were the results of countless hours of literature research to find every little detail of these instruments and the labor of love from our art team. Together with concise and accurate texts, we hope these illustrations can effec-tively communicate the knowledge and beauty of chemistry.