朱晓明，1981年生于山东淄博。现任教于中国人民大学国际关系学院政治学系。本硕毕业于华东师范大学历史系，博士毕业于法国里昂高等师范（Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon），师从安克强（Christian Henriot）教授和许纪霖教授，主攻中国近现代史。
目錄：
Acknowledgement／1
Abstract／3
Introduction／1
Chapter Ⅰ The origin of the police in the French Concession／21
1 The legal bases of the police in the French Concession／21
2 Special geography of jurisdictions in Shanghai／40
3 Urbanisation and new challenges for the police／48
4 The network of the French Colonial Empire／55
Chapter Ⅱ Organisation of the police／61
1 Control of the police by the French Consul／61
2 Militarisation and professionalisation of the police／70
3 Organisations and functions of the police in the 1930s／102
4 Police costs and revenue／106
Chapter Ⅲ The police force in the French Concession／113
1 A multinational police force／11
2 Standards of recruitment／124
3 Training and the courses to become a policeman／136
4 Salariesandwelfarebenefits／140
5 Job stability and career／171
6 A day in the life of a policeman in Shanghai／191
Chapter Ⅳ Police and politics： A history of the political section of the police／195
1 Organisation of the Political Section and its functions／195
2 The Guomindang and the Chinese communists in the French Concession／207
3 The Japanese factor／223
General Conclusion／236
Tables
Table 1.1 Population growth in the three areas of Shanghai, 18651937／49
Table 1.2 Population in Shanghais French Concession, 18651936／50
Table 1.3 Statistics of male and female population in Shanghais French Concession, 191036／51
Table 1.4 Statistics of reported rape in the French Concession／55
Table 2.1 A list of the disputes between the French Consul and the MAC, after which the MAC
was dissolved／62
Table 2.2a International Settlement of Shanghai／73
Table 2.2b French Concession of Shanghai／74
Table 2.3 Comparison of salaries in 1907 and 1908／75
Table 2.4 Proposed housing conditions for European policemen／76
Table 2.5 Cards established by the French police and SMP, 191113／77
Table 2.6 Numbers of Chinese and European policemen, 191319／78
Table 2.7 Criminal gangs arrested from 1920 to 1927／85
Table 2.8 Statistics of theft, kidnapping and armed robbery in the French Concession of
Shanghai／85
Table 2.9 Police budge within the Municipal budget, 191137／107
Table 2.10 Costs of personnel, police equipment, and defence of the concession／108
Table 2.11 Infringements of municipal regulations resulting in fines imposed directly
by the police／109
Table 2.12 Cost of hiring a policeman as a watchman／110
Table 3.1 The number of European and Chinese policemen, 18711906／116
Table 3.2 French personnel, 193037／118
Table 3.3 Native province of the Chinese policemen／132
Table 3.4 Professions before entering into the police／134
Table 3.5 Salary scale for French personnel of the Municipal Guards in 1920／142
Table 3.6 A comparason of salary scales for French personnel of the Municipal Guards in 1934
and 1920／144
Table 3.7 Monthly salaries of policemen in 1913／145
Table 3.8 A comparison of monthly salaries of low-ranked policemen, 1911 37／146
Table 3.9 Salaries of the Russian policemen, c.1934／147
Table 3.10 A Comparaison of salaries between the employees of Public Works and the Police
in 1930 and 1931／149
Table 3.11 Monthly salaries in the SMP and the Municipal Guards 1896／151
Table 3.12 Salaries of Chinese policemen in the Municipal Guards, 1897 and 1899／152
Table 3.13 A comparison of the number of policemen in the two concessions of Shanghai／154
Table 3.14 Price index for Shanghai workers／155
Table 3.15 Monthly salaries of Chinese and French constables, 192637／156
Tables 3.16a, b, c Marriage statistics of French policemen in 1942／165
Table 3.17 Comments for a promotion／173
Table 3.18 The exam of appointment／174
Table 3.19 Chief Sergeant Exam／174
Table 3.20 The technical police exam／175
Table 3.21 Exam for District Supervisor diploma／176
Table 3.22 The years of service for 103 Chinese policemen／183
Table 3.23 Reasons for leaving the police force／183
Table 3.24 Reasons for the Chinese policemen to leave the police in 1911／184
Table 3.25 List of fines on 9 November 1936／192
Table 4.1 Comparison of arrests and condemnations of communists in the French Concession／219
Figures
Figure 1.1 Crime statistics in Shanghais French Concession, 191137／54
Figure 2.1 The structure of the police force in the 1930s／102
Figure 3.1 Range of salaries in the hierarchy of the French Police in Shanghai in 1920／141
Figure 3.2 Salary index of Chinese and French constables／156
Figure 3.3 Police sickness record number of days absent／163
內容試閱：
Acknowledgement
Firstly, and most importantly, I would like to thank my dissertation director： Mr. Christian Henriot, for guiding me through my research. His trust, patience and professional academic guidance has seen me through the last five years, whenever and wherever I needed his help. He pushed me ahead whenever I lost courage, when I was lost amongst the numerous archives and written work, and when I was beset with family issues and academic problems. He is one of the most responsible and the best professors that I have ever met, and I am very grateful to him for being such a good and kind dissertation director.
I would also like to thank Mr. Xu Jilin, co-director of my dissertation, for his encouragement and support during the years. Without his help, I could not have completed this research.
My sincere thanks also go to the archivists in the Diplomatic Archives of Paris and Nantes, Shanghai Municipal Archives, Service Historique de la Dfense, and Archives Nationales doutre-mer, for helping me to search the catalogues and for delivering the archives, which formed the basis of my research.
Id like to thank Madame Feng Yi, Madame Zhang Yu, Mr. Fran.ois Guillemot, and MadameYamamoto Miyuki for helping me so much during my stay in the Institut dAsie Oriental. I would also like to thank Clmence Andrys for helping me read the handwritten French archives; Isabelle Durand for making the beautiful maps in my dissertation; my dear friends Ni Xiaofang, Li Na, Xiao Qi and Ni Xiaoju for letting me share their small rooms whenever I stayed in Paris; and Dorothe Rihal, Lee Ju Ling, Sung Tzu-hsuan and Zhao Weiqing for their encouragement and thoughtful discussion during my writing process.
I would also like to thank the professors who helped a great deal during my research： Madame Jiang Jin, Madame Christine Cornet, Madame Xiaohong Xiao-Planes, Mr. Moullier Igor, Madame Marie Vogel, Mr. Jean-Marc Berlire and Mr. Emmanuel Blanchard. Thanks also go to Divya Castelino for her excellent copyediting. And, last, but not least, I would like to thank my parents and husband for supporting me unconditionally.
Abstract
Shanghai, a treaty port open to foreigners after the Nanjing Treaty, has been the subject for many studies not only for its abundant archives and research materials, but also its important role as the economic centre of China and a unique international platform where different cultures and political or social practices met and interacted.
Due to the existence of three different jurisdictions in the city Chinese municipality, French Concession & International Settlement with each following an individual trajectory in terms of institutional development, social regulation, and policing, Shanghai constitutes a very interesting place to observe the processes-and tensions, negotiations or compromises therein-that sustained the confrontation between state and society, between competing state powers, between China and colonizing powers.
The police in the French Concession was a police institution under the direct control of the French Consul in Shanghai. It was an important force designed to protect French interests in Shanghai and in China. It not only influenced modern Chinese politics but also played a significant role in constructing the urban space and culture of Shanghai.
The first chapter studies the legal bases of the police in the French Concession and the special context of Shanghai. By analyzing the relevant articles of Treaty of Nanjing, the Treaty of Whampoa, the Treaty of Tientsin, the Land Regulations and Rglement dorganisation de la Concession Fran.aise, the book establishes that the existence of police forces in the French Concession were not planned under the basic articles that regulated the foreign settlements in China and that the police came into existence at a time when Chinese local authorities were paralyzed during the Taiping and Small Sword rebellions in the city. The police came into being as a fait accompli. Shanghai witnessed rapid urbanization and population growth along with industrialization at the beginning of the twentieth century. As Shanghai became an important metropolis in China and beyond, many problems arose, including the rise of criminality, which brought new challenges to the police. The French police in Shanghai was also placed in the context of the French imperial network, as Shanghai became the most important French asset in China. Its police personnel came to be integrated with French colonial personnel, technology and information flows.
The second chapter concentrates on the evolution of police organization during the firstthreedecades of the twentiethcentury. The Frenchpolicewentt hrough several reforms under the leadership of Mallet, Fiori and Fabre, the three most important police chiefs in the French Concession. Mallets reform laid down the basic organization of the police, its militarization and the introduction of Vietnamese soldiers into the force. His far-sighted establishment of judicial identification in the Concession helped the French to synchronize with modern police techniques. During W.W. I, as most French policemen were mobilized and went back to Europe, the police went into a period of stagnation. The lack of European policemen led to the rise of Chinese policemen within the force. Fiori inherited this situation in 1919 and tried to take advantage of the Chinese connections between the police and the organized crime, which led to the controversial pact with the devil and ultimately his forced departure in 1932. However during his eleven years of service, he upgraded police organization to cope with the new challenges in Shanghai and succeeded to reorganize the police into a more professional force by 1930. His successor, Fabre, cleaned up the bad elements of the police and made several adjustments on the basis of the organization left by Fiori. The political functions and crime fighting abilities of the police were reinforced. At the end of this process, the police of the French Concession was fine and complex modern police force.
The third chapter examines the policemen themselves. The police were composed of officers from several nationalities, the four most important being French, Russian, Chinese and Vietnamese. Through a comparative study of recruiting conditions, training courses, salaries, welfare and job turnover, I establish that the police was a hierarchal institution based on a differentiated treatment according to race and nationality. The French policemen stood at the top of the pyramid, with the least number of heads, but the most influential powers a s all the superior officers, chiefs and deputy chiefs had to be French. The French also enjoyed the best salaries and welfare conditions. The Russians were cheap white labor forces compared to the French and other foreign policemen and constituted the second highest class of the police. The Vietnamese and Chinese policemen are at the bottom of the pyramid and constituted the majority of the policemen in the Concession. The Vietnamese policemen were soldiers before entering police service and their military qualities and discipline were brought to the police defense abilities. They were also a double security to defend French interests in Shanghai in case Chinese nationalism spread to the Chinese policemen. The Chinese policemen were the lowest class in the police and enjoyed the lowest level of salaries and welfare. They lost their jobs very easily and their career as a policeman was quite short and unstable compared to the other nationalities.
The fourth chapter studies the Political service. From the 1920s to the 1930s, three historical currents swept over Chinanationalism, communism and Japanese expansionism. All these three forces met in Shanghai and led up to the creation and development of the Political Service of the French police force. In 1927, after the rupture of the Chinese Communist Party and the Guomindang, the political police was formally instituted as a specific police department. It was reformed in 1930 and 1932 not only to take care of collecting information about the political, military, economic and social dynamics in China, but also to make arrests and deal in exchange of mutual interests. An agreement signed in 1914 with the Beiyang Government to extradite and arrest the individuals suspected of political crimes or offences helped the French Concession to obtain its last and largest territorial expansion. Suppressing the activities of the Guomindang in the French Concession at the request of local Chinese authorities in 1926 was a continuance of the 1914 agreement and a tactic for the French Concession to maintain good relationships with the local powerholders. When the Guomindang came to power, a close cooperation developed between the Chinese police and the police of two foreign settlements to hunt down at an unprecedented pace the underground communists. The Korean revolutionaries became a problem when the Japanese authorities asked the authorities of French Concession to take actions against them in 1925. The problem was solved to the advantage of Japan in exchange for Japanese cooperation over the Vietnamese revolutionaries in Japan.
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