Chapter 1 Scope of Civil Engineering
第1章 土木工程研究领域 1
1.1 Civil Engineering 土木工程 1
1.2 Role of Civil Engineers 土木工程师的作用 4
1.3 Impact of infrastructural Developments on the National Economy 基础设施的开发对
国民经济的影响 6
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 7
Exercises 练习 7
Answers 答案 8
Chapter 2 Dubai A City under Construction
第2章 迪拜在建中的城市 10
2.1 Structural Dubai 迪拜建筑 10
2.2 Integrated Design 整体设计 13
2.3 Transportation 交通体系 14
2.4 Environmental Dubai 环境建设 18
2.5 Water Resources 水资源 20
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 22
Exercises 练习 23
Answers 答案 24
Chapter 3 Civil Engineering Materials
第3章 土木工程材料 26
3.1 Traditional Materials 传统建筑材料 28
3.2 Composite Materials 复合材料 36
3.3 Smart Materials 智能材料 38
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 40
Exercises 练习 41
Answers 答案 42
Chapter 4 Loads
第4章 荷载 44
4.1 Vertical Loads 竖向荷载 44
4.2 Lateral Loads 水平荷载 48
4.3 Other Loads 其他性质的荷载 54
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 56
Exercises 练习 57
Answers 答案 58
Chapter 5 Structure Design
第5章 结构设计 60
5.1 Science and Technology 科学与技术 60
5.2 Structural Engineering 结构工程 60
5.3 Structures and their Surroundings 结构及环境因素 61
5.4 Architecture and Engineering 建筑与结构 61
5.5 Architectural Design Process 建筑设计过程 62
5.6 Architectural Design 建筑设计 62
5.7 Structural Analysis 结构分析 63
5.8 Structural Design 结构设计 63
5.9 Load Transfer Mechanisms 荷载传递机理 64
5.10 Structure Types 结构承重体系 65
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 67
Exercises 练习 68
Answers 答案 69
Chapter 6 A Brief History of Structural Architecture
第6章 结构建筑发展简史 71
6.1 Before the Greeks 古希腊时期 71
6.2 Greeks 希腊时期 72
6.3 Romans 罗马时期 74
6.4 The Medieval Period 477-1492 中世纪时期4771492 75
6.5 The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期 77
6.5.1 Leonardo da Vinci 列奥纳多达芬奇 78
6.5.2 Brunelleschi 布鲁内莱斯基 78
6.5.3 Galileo 伽利略 79
6.6 Pre Modern Period, Seventeenth Century 新世纪早期，十七世纪时期 81
6.6.1 Hooke 胡克 81
6.6.2 Newton 牛顿 82
6.7 The Pre-Modern Period： Coulomb and Navier 新世纪早期：库仑，纳维 84
6.8 The Modern Period 1857 to Present 新世纪时期1857年至今 86
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 88
Exercises 练习 89
Answers 答案 90
Chapter 7 Reinforced Concrete Architecture
第7章 钢筋混凝土 92
7.1 Use in Construction 在建筑中的应用 93
7.2 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete 钢筋混凝土的性能 93
7.3 Reinforcement and Terminology of Beams 梁的增强和概念 95
7.4 Common Failure Modes of Steel Reinforced Concrete 钢筋混凝土常见的破坏形式 97
7.5 Carbonation 碳化作用 97
7.6 Chlorides 氯化物 98
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 100
Exercises 练习 101
Answers 答案 102
Chapter 8 Steel Structure
第8章 钢结构 104
8.1 History of Steel Structures 钢结构的发展历史 104
8.2 Steel Structures Characteristic 钢结构的特点 106
8.3 Application Of Steel Structure 钢结构的应用 108
8.4 Aim of Steel Structural Design 钢结构的设计目标 112
8.5 Limit State 极限状态 113
8.6 Load and Calculation of Load Effects 荷载与荷载效应计算 114
8.7 Material Selection 材料选择 115
8.8 Design Indices 强度设计值 116
8.9 Provisions for Deformation of Structures and Structural Members 结构及构件变形限值 117
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 119
Exercises 练习 121
Answers 答案 122
Chapter 9 Masonry Structure
第9章 砌体结构 124
9.1 Introduction 引言 125
9.2 Materials to Use 材料的使用 125
9.3 Elements are Part of The Structural System 结构系统的组成 128
9.4 Preparation before Starting the Construction 施工前准备 129
9.5 How to Build the Foundation 基础施工 129
9.6 How to Build the Over Footing 地梁施工 132
9.7 How to Build A Wall 墙体施工 132
9.8 How to set the Confining Columns to the Wall 构造柱施工 135
9.9 How to Build the Slab and Beams 梁、板施工 136
9.10 How to Finish the Surface of the Elements 构件表面做法 138
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 139
Exercises 练习 140
Answers 答案 141
Chapter 10 Building with Wood
第10章 木结构 143
10.1 Wood Frame Construction： Low-rise Solutions 木框架结构：低层建筑 144
10.2 Wood Frame in China 木结构在中国的发展 146
10.3 Hybrid Construction： Wood Frame Storeys on Concrete Structure 混合建筑：木框架与
混凝土结构结合 147
10.4 Engineered Wood Construction： Solid Wood Panels 工程木结构：实木板 149
10.5 Engineered Wood Construction： Glued Laminated Timber 工程木结构：木料胶合板 151
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 153
Exercises 练习 155
Answers 答案 156
Chapter 11 Composite Structures
第11章 组合结构 157
11.1 Applications of Concrete-filled Steel Tubes 钢管混凝土的应用 157
11.2 Advantages of Concrete-filled Steel Tubes 钢管混凝土的优点 163
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 164
Exercises 练习 165
Answers 答案 166
Chapter 12 Pavement Design
第12章 道路设计 168
12.1 Introduction 引言 168
12.2 Flexible Pavement 柔性路面 169
12.3 Rigid Pavement 刚性路面 174
Exercises 练习 178
Answers 答案 179
Chapter 13 Bridge
第13章 桥 181
13.1 Introduction 引言 181
13.2 Beam Bridges 梁式桥 181
13.3 Cantilever Bridges 悬臂桥 183
13.4 Arch Bridges 拱桥 185
13.5 Suspension Bridges 悬索桥 188
13.6 Cable-stayed Bridges 斜拉桥 190
13.7 Truss Bridges 桁架桥 191
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 192
Exercises 练习 194
Answers 答案 195
Chapter 14 Basic Concepts in Surveying
第14章 测量的基本概念 197
14.1 Introduction 引言 197
14.2 Classification 测量类型 198
14.3 Principles of Surveying 测量原理 200
14.4 Modern Surveying Instruments 现代测量仪器 201
14.5 GIS GIS系统 206
14.6 Remote Sensing and Their Applications 遥感技术及其应用 208
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 210
Exercises 练习 211
Answers 答案 212
Chapter 15 Disaster Prevention and Reduction
第15章 防灾与减灾工程 214
15.1 Principal Causes of Disasters 灾害的主要成因 214
15.2 Earthquake 地震 215
15.3 Geological Disasters： Landslide, Collapse and Debris Flow 地质灾害：
滑坡，崩塌和泥石流 217
15.4 Rainstorm and Flooding 暴雨和洪水 225
15.5 Disaster Self Rescue 灾难发生后的自救 228
15.6 Some Major Effects of Disasters 一些主要的灾害影响 229
15.7 Disaster Plan 灾难应变计划 230
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 234
Exercises 练习 235
Answers 答案 236
Chapter 16 Planning, Scheduling and Construction Management
第16章 项目规划、组织及施工控制 238
16.1 Construction Management 施工管理 238
16.2 Organizing for Project Management 项目管理组织 242
16.3 Defining Work Tasks 规定工作任务 249
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语 252
Exercises 练习 253
Answers 答案 254
参考答案 256
Several materials are required for construction. The materials used in the construction of Engineering Structures such as buildings, bridges and roads are called Engineering Materials or Building Materials. They include Bricks, Timber, Cement, Steel and Plastics. The materials used in Civil Engineering constructions can be studied under the following headings.
工程建设需要使用多种材料。用于工程结构，诸如建筑、桥梁及道路施工的材料称工程材料或建筑材料，包括砖、木、水泥、钢材及塑料等。在下面的标题中，我们会研究土木工程建筑中常用的材料。
It is necessary for an engineer to be conversant with the properties of engineering materials. Right selection of materials can be made for a construction activity only when material properties are fully understood. Some of the most important properties of building materials are grouped as shown in Table 3.1.
土木工程师必须熟悉工程材料的性能。只有充分掌握材料的性能，经准确地选材而形成的构件才可用于施工过程。建筑材料的一些重要的特性总结如表3.1所示。
The general classification of building materials is as follows：
建筑材料的大体分类如下：
aTraditional materials;
传统材料；
bAlternate building materials;
可替代的建筑材料；
cComposite materials;
复合材料；
dSmart materials.
智能材料。
Table 3.1 Some Properties of Building Materials
Group
Properties
Physical
Shape, Size, Density, Specific Gravity etc.
Mechanical
Strength, Elasticity, Plasticity, Hardness, Toughness, Ductility, Brittleness, Creep, Stiffness, Fatigue, Impact, Strength etc.
Thermal
Thermal conductivity, Thermal resistivity, Thermal capacity etc.
Chemical
Corrosion resistance, Chemical composition, Acidity, Alkalinity etc.Continued 续表
Group
Properties
Optical
Colour, Light reflection, Light transmission etc.
Acoustical
Sound absorption, Transmission and Reflection
Physiochemical
Shrinkage and Swell due to moisture changes
Definitions of Properties
性能的定义
Density： It is defined as mass per unit volume. It is expressed as kgm3.
密度：是指单位体积的质量。单位为kgm3。
Specific gravity： It is the ratio of density of a material to density of water.
比重：是指材料密度与水密度之比。
Porosity： The term porosity is used to indicate the degree by which the volume of a material is occupied by pores.
孔隙率：是指材料中孔隙所占的体积比。
Strength： Strength of a material has been defined as its ability to resist the action of an external force without breaking.
强度：是指材料在无破坏条件下抵抗外界荷载作用的能力。
Elasticity： It is the property of a material which enables it to regain its original shape and size after the removal of external load.
弹性：是指材料在撤去外界荷载作用下能回复到原来的形状和尺寸的能力。
Plasticity： It is the property of the material which enables the formation of permanent deformation.
塑性：是指材料永久变形的能力。
Hardness： It is the property of the material which enables it to resist abrasion, indentation, machining and scratching.
硬度：是指材料所具备的抗磨损、刻蚀、切削等的能力。
Ductility： It is the property of a material which enables it to be drawn out or elongated to an appreciable extent before rupture occurs.
延性：是指材料所具备的在断裂前有一定程度的拉长及伸长能力。
Brittleness： It is the property of a material, which is opposite to ductility. Material, having very little property of deformation, either elastic or plastic is called Brittle.
脆性：是与延性相反的性质，指材料不具备变形的能力。
Creep： It is the property of the material which enables it under constant load to deform slowly but progressively over a certain period.
徐变：是指材料在长期荷载作用下不断缓慢变形的特性。
Stiffness： It is the property of a material which enables it to resist deformation.
刚度：是指材料抵抗变形的能力。
Fatigue： The term fatigue is generally referred to as the effect of cyclically repeated stress. A material has a tendency to fail at lesser stress level when subjected to repeated loading.
疲劳：是指在往复荷载作用下的响应；材料即使在承受小的重复荷载作用下也会发生破坏的特性。
Impact strength： The impact strength of a material is the quantity of work required to cause its failure per its unit volume. It thus indicates the toughness of a material.
冲击强度：是指单位体积的材料发生破坏时所需要对其做的功；表明材料的韧性。
Toughness： It is the property of a material which enables it to be twisted, bent or stretched under a high stress before rupture.
韧性：是指材料在断裂前承受扭转、弯曲及拉伸的性能。
Thermal Conductivity： It is the property of a material which allows conduction of heat through its body. It is defined as the amount of heat in kilocalories or kilojoule that will flow through unit area of the material with unit thickness in unit time when difference of temperature on its faces is also unity.
热传导：是指材料允许热量通过本身传递的物性。它被定义为，材料的表面在变化单位温度时，单位时间、单位面积、单位厚度上通过的热量，并以千卡或千焦为单位计量。
Corrosion Resistance： It is the property of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis gases etc., which tend to corrode or oxidize.
耐腐蚀性：是指材料抵抗酸、碱等腐蚀作用一般为氧化的性能。
3.1 Traditional Materials 传统建筑材料
The building materials such as stones, bricks and timber are called traditional building materials since these materials are used from the early ages of civilization. Cement, cement-mortar and cement-concrete are also grouped under traditional materials although they are of recent origin compared to stones and bricks. The properties and uses of some of the most commonly used traditional building materials have been discussed here.
石料、砖及木材等材料在人类文明早期即被应用，故均属传统建筑材料。水泥、砂浆及混凝土等也被归为此类，尽管它们比砖、石等材料的应用较晚一些。一些最常用的传统建筑材料的性能如下所述。
1. Early construction materials 早期建筑材料
1 Stones 石材
Stones as shown in Figure 3.1 are obtained from rocks. A rock represents a definite portion of earths surface. Process of taking out stones from natural rock beds is known as quarrying. The term quarry is used to indicate the exposed surface of natural rocks. Stones, thus obtained, are used for various engineering purposes.
石材如图3.1所示来源于岩石。岩石能够表明地表土的组分。从天然岩层状态下取石料的过程称为采掘。采掘使岩层表面暴露，获得的石料用于多种工程的施工。
Figure 3.1 Stones
图3.1 石材
Uses of Stones：
石材的用途：
①Stones are used as a construction material for foundations, walls, columns and lintels.
②Stones are used for face-work of buildings to give good appearance.
③Thin stone slabs are used as roofing and flooring material.
④Crushed stones are used for production of cement concrete.
⑤Crushed stones are also used as ballast for railway track.
⑥Aggregate of stone is used as a road metal.
①可用于基础、墙、柱、过梁的建筑材料；②可用于建筑外墙的饰面做法，使其美观；③薄的石板可用作楼屋面板；④破碎的石料可作为生产水泥的原料；⑤粗料石可用于铁轨的压载材料；⑥料石可作为路基材料。
2 Bricks 砖
Bricks as shown in Figure 3.2 are obtained by molding clay in the rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks. Bricks are very popular as they are easily available, economical, strong, durable and reliable. They are also reasonably heat and sound proof. Thus, at places where stones are not easily available, if there is plenty of clay, bricks replace stones.
Figure 3.2 Bricks
图3.2 砖
Uses of Bricks：
砖的用途：
①Bricks are extensively used as a leading material of construction.
②A fire brick refractory brick is used for lining the interiors of ovens, chimneys and furnaces.
③Broken bricks are used as a ballast material for railway tracks, and also as a road metal.
④Bricks are extensively used for construction of load-bearing walls and partition-walls.
⑤Bricks are also used for face-work when artistic effect is required.
①砖是目前主要的建筑材料之一；②耐火砖可用于烤炉、烟囱、熔炉的内衬施工；③破碎的砖可用于铁路路基的填压材料；④砖广泛用于承重墙、隔墙的施工；⑤也可用于建筑需要的饰面做法。
3 Timber 木材
The word timber as shown in Figure 3.3 is derived from Timbrian which means to build. Timber thus denotes wood which is suitable for building construction, carpeting or other engineering purposes. When it forms part of a living tree it is called standing timber, when felled it is known as rough timber and when cut into different forms such as planks, beams etc., it is known as converted timber.
木材如图3.3所示的命名来源于Timbrian，意为建造。因此木材十分适合于建筑施工、地面铺装及其他的施工目的。当其还属于有生命的树木的一部分时被称为建筑用材，而若已砍伐下来时，则称为原木，而当其已被加工成不同的梁、柱部分时，称为木构件。
Figure 3.3 Timber and Products of Timber
图3.3 木材和木制品
Uses of Timber：
木材的用途：
① For making doors, windows and ventilators.
② As flooring and roofing material.
③ For making furniture.
④ In making agricultural implements.
⑤ In the manufacture of sport goods, musical instruments etc.
⑥ In making railway coaches, wagons, buses, boats etc.
⑦ In making sleepers for railways, fencing poles, electric poles, footways, bridge floors, temporary bridges etc.
⑧ Soft wood is used for manufacture of paper, card-boards, walls paper etc.
①用作门、窗及通风设施；②用作楼、屋面板部分；③制作家具；④制作农业设备；⑤用于制作运动器械、乐器等；⑥用于铁路的车厢、汽车及船等部件；⑦用于铁路枕木、围墙及电线杆、步行街、桥面板及简易桥梁等；⑧软木用于制作纸、纸板、墙纸等。
4 Mortar
砂浆
The term mortar as shown in Figure 3.4 is used to indicate a paste prepared by adding required quantity of water to a mixture of binding material and sand. The most common binding material used in the preparation of mortar is cement. Such a mortar is called cement-mortar.
砂浆如图3.4所示是通过向胶凝材料和砂的混合物中加入定量的水所获得的黏结材料。准备砂浆时最常用的胶凝材料就是水泥，这种砂浆称为水泥砂浆。
Figure 3.4 Mortar
图3.4 砂浆
Uses of mortar：
砂浆的用途：
① As a binding material for brick and stone masonry constructions.
② To carry out pointing and plastering work on exposed surfaces of masonry.
③ To provide fine finish to concrete works.
④ For decorative finish to masonry walls and roof slabs.
⑤ As a filler material in ferro-cement works.
①砂浆可用作黏结砖或石块的黏结材料；②可用于砌体结构的外墙抹灰；③为混凝土提供细骨料；④用于砖墙或混凝土板的饰面工程；⑤可用于水泥施工中的填充料。
2. Modern construction materials 现代建筑材料
1 Cement concrete 混凝土
Cement concrete is an artificial product obtained by hardening of the mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water in pre-determined proportions. The hardening of cement-concrete is due to chemical reaction between cement and water and the process is also called setting. Mixing cement concrete is shown in Figure 3.5.
混凝土是由水泥、砂子、石料及水按一定的比例混合经结硬后形成的一种人工建筑材料。混凝土的硬化主要是由水泥与水发生化学反应来完成，这一过程也称作凝结。混凝土的搅拌如图3.5所示。
Figure 3.5 Mixing Cement Concrete
图3.5 混凝土的搅拌
Properties of cement-concrete：
混凝土的性能：
Properties of concrete are different when it is in plastic stage green concrete and hardened stage.
混凝土的性能在流动状态与硬化状态下截然不同。
Properties of green concrete：
新制备的混凝土性能：
① Workability： The workability of a freshly prepared concrete is the ease with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished without affecting homogeneity.
和易性：新制备的混凝土的和易性是指其非常容易进行拌和、浇注、压实及施工而不会影响其性质。
② Segregation： A good concrete is a homogeneous mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregates and water. Segregation during mixing, placing and compacting affects strength, durability and water tightness.
离析性：制备性能好的混凝土是水泥、水、砂子及石子形成了各向同性材料。在拌和、浇注及振捣过程中的离析会影响混凝土的强度、耐久性及水密性。
③ Bleeding： Bleeding is the separation of water cement slurry from coarse and fine aggregates either due to excessive quantity of water in fresh concrete or due to excessive vibration during compaction process. Bleeding of concrete causes formation of pores and reduces compressive strength.
裂隙性：泥浆与粗细骨料分离，主要是在制备混凝土过程中加入了过量的水或在施工过程中的过度振捣。这种情况会使得混凝土呈现多孔性，影响混凝土的强度。
④ Harshness： Harshness of concrete is due to use of poorly graded aggregates in concrete mix. A harsh concrete is porous and difficult to get smooth surface finish.
粗糙性：混凝土的粗糙性是混凝土在制备过程中由于骨料级配不良造成的。这种混凝土是多孔的且表面很难施工平整。
Properties of hardened concrete：
硬化后的混凝土性能：
① Strength： Hardened concrete should have high compressive strength. Compressive strength is the most important parameter considered in the design of concrete structures.
强度：结硬后的混凝土具有很高的抗压强度，抗压强度是混凝土结构设计的主要参数。
② Durability： Concrete should be capable of withstanding the adverse effects of weathering agents such as wind and water. In addition, it should resist temperature variation, moisture variation, freezing and thawing.
耐久性：混凝土本身能够抵抗外界天气的变化，如风和水的作用。能够承受温度变化、潮湿、冻融作用。
③ Impermeability： Hardened concrete should be impermeable or watertight. This property of concrete is considered in the construction of water tanks and bins.
密闭性：硬化后的混凝土是不亲水的，这一性质是混凝土制备、施工过程中需要考虑的。
④ Resistance to wear and tear： Hardened concrete should be capable of withstanding abrasive action during its usage. When concrete is used as a flooring material, or for construction of cement concrete roads, it should withstand abrasive action.
耐磨性：硬化的混凝土在使用过程中应该具备一定的耐磨性。若混凝土应用于楼面板结构中、水泥路面结构中，应能承受一定的磨损作用。
Uses of Cement Concrete：
混凝土的用途：
① It is used for making Reinforced Cement Concrete R.C.C. and Prestressed Cement Concrete P.S.C..
可用于钢筋混凝土结构和预应力混凝土结构。
② It is used for mass concrete works such as dams and bridges.
可用于大体积混凝土施工，如大坝、桥梁结构。
③ It is used for making electric poles, railway sleepers and high rise towers.
可用于电线杆、铁路轨木和高塔结构。
④ It is used for the construction of silos and bunkers.
可用于筒仓、煤仓等特种结构。
⑤ It is used for the construction of water tanks and under water construction.
可用于水箱及水下工程的施工。
⑥ It is used for the construction of road pavements and air port pavements.
可用于路面及机场跑道的施工。
⑦ It is used for construction of arches and ornamental structures.
可用于拱结构及装饰性结构的施工。
⑧ It is one of the best universally accepted construction material and used in various civil engineering works.
混凝土是受到最普遍认同的施工材料之一，被用于各种土木工程结构中。
2 Reinforced Cement Concrete R.C.C. 钢筋混凝土
Plain concrete can withstand very high compressive loads, but it is very weak in resisting tensile loads. Steel, on the other hand can resist very high tensile force. Hence, steel is embedded in concrete whenever tensile stresses are expected in concrete. Such a concrete is called Reinforced Cement Concrete as shown in Figure 3.6.
素混凝土可抵抗很高的抗压荷载，但其抗拉强度很低。另一方面，钢筋可承受较高的拉应力。因此，钢筋被置于混凝土结构中可能出现拉应力的位置，使其承受拉应力。这种混凝土被称为钢筋混凝土如图3.6所示。
Figure 3.6 Reinforced Cement Concrete
图3.6 钢筋混凝土
Uses of Reinforced Cement Concrete：
钢筋混凝土的用途：
① R.C.C. is used for construction of structural elements such as beams, columns and slabs.
可用于梁、柱及板的施工。
② R.C.C. is used for the construction of water tanks, storage bins, bunkers, tall chimneys, towers etc.
可用于水塔、储罐、筒仓、高烟囱及塔架等。
③ R.C.C. is used in making raft foundations and pile foundations.
可用于筏基及桩基施工。
④ R.C.C. is used in the construction of bridges, marine structures, aqueducts, high rise buildings and many other civil engineering works.
可用于桥梁、海岸工程的施工、高层建筑及其他土木工程等。
3 Ferro-Cement 钢纤维混凝土
Ferro cement as shown in Figure 3.7 implies cement mortar of cement sand ratio 1：2 or 1：3 reinforced with multiple layers of steel fibres. The reinforcement is usually made of wire mesh which is usually made of 0.8 to 1.0mm diameter steel wires at 5mm to 50mm spacing. The skeletal steel may be placed 300 mm apart to serve as a spacer rod to the mesh.
钢纤维混凝土如图3.7所示指在水灰比为1∶2或1∶3的混凝土中加入多层钢纤维，通常是由直径为0.8～1.0mm、间距为5～50mm的钢丝制成钢丝网。钢筋骨架间距300mm设置，可作为钢丝网的支垫。
Ferro-cement is suitable for low-cost roofing, pre-cast units, man-hole covers etc. It can be used for the construction of domes, vaults, shells, grid surfaces and folded plates. It is a good substitute for timber. It can be used for making furniture, doors and window frames, shutters and partitions. It can also be used for making water tanks, boats and silos.
钢纤维混凝土适合于低造价的屋盖结构、预制构件、检修孔等工程，可应用于穹顶、拱顶、壳结构及褶皱板等构件施工，是很好的木材替代材料。可用于家具、门窗及隔断等部位；也可制作水罐、船只及筒仓结构。
Figure 3.7 Ferro Cement
图3.7 钢纤维混凝土
3.2 Composite Materials 复合材料
Composites are combinations of two more separate materials on a microscopic level, in a controlled manner to give desired properties. The properties of a composite will be different from those of the constituents in isolation. When two materials are combined together to form a composite, one of the materials will be in reinforcing phase and the other material will be in matrix phase. Typically, reinforcing material in the form of fibers, sheets or particles are strong with low densities while the matrix is usually a ductile or tough material, e.g. glass - reinforcing material, polyester-matrix material.
Glass Polyester=GRP Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic
复合材料是在微观层次上用两种不同的材料、采用特定的方式来获得预期效果而形成的一种材料。复合材料有别于其他单一组分的材料。若两种不同的材料组合在一起，其中一种材料为增强相，而另一种材料为基体。通常，增强相是纤维材料、片状或颗粒状等强度高、密度低的材料，而基体材料往往是有延展性的或坚硬的材料，如玻璃纤维、聚酯材料等。
玻璃 聚酯 = GRP玻璃纤维增强塑料
1.Classification 分类
Composites can be broadly classified in to two groups. They are Natural composites and Man-made composites.
复合材料大体上可分为两类，一是自然生成的复合材料；二是人造复合材料。
Several natural materials can be grouped under natural composites, e.g. bone, wood etc.; man-made composites are produced by combining two or more materials in definite proportions under controlled conditions.
自然形成的复合材料种类很多，如骨骼，木材等；人造复合材料是通过使两种及以上的材料按一定的比例在一定的条件下形成的新材料。
2.Properties of Composites 复合材料的性能
① Composites possess excellent strength and stiffness.
② They are very light materials.
③ They possess high resistance to corrosion, chemicals and other weathering agents.
④ They can be molded to any shape and size with required mechanical properties in different directions.
①复合材料具有优越的强度及刚度性能；②自重轻；③抗腐蚀性强；④可根据在不同方向下的力学性能制造成不同的形状和尺寸。
Disadvantages of composites：
复合材料的缺点：
① High production cost.
② Difficult to repair.
③ Susceptible to damage.
造价高；难以修复；易损坏。
3.Uses of Composite Materials 在土木工程领域中的应用
① Extensively used in space technology and production of commercial airplanes.
② Used in the production of sport goods.
③ Used for general industrial and engineering structures.
④ Used in high speed and fuel efficient transport vehicles The harmony express is shown in Figure 3.8.
① 广泛应用于空间技术及商用飞机结构中；②用于运动器械上；③用于一般的工业及民用建筑中；④用于高速、高效的交通工具中如图3.8所示为和谐号动车。
Figure 3.8 The Harmony Express
图3.8 和谐号动车
Composites are extensively used in the field of Civil Engineering. Ferro-cement is a good example for composite. R.C.C. and P.S.C. Pre-stressed Cement Concrete are composites that are widely used for structural components. Even concrete can be considered as a composite.
Block boards, Batten boards, and Chip boards which are composites are used in light construction works such as doors, windows, furniture and cabinets. Asbestos Cement Sheets are used as roofing material. Reinforced glass is used for sky-lights and door and window paneling.
复合材料广泛应用于土木工程领域。广泛应用于结构构件中的纤维混凝土即为一例。而混凝土本身也为一种组合材料。芯块、胶合板、缀板、芯板等均属复合材料并被广泛应用轻质构件，如门、窗、家具及橱柜中。防火棉用于屋盖结构中，强化玻璃应用于幕墙结构中等。
3.3 Smart Materials 智能材料
They are the materials which have the capability to respond to changes in their condition or the environment to which they are exposed, in a useful and usually repetitive manner. They are called by other names such as, intelligent materials, active materials and adoptive materials.
智能材料具备可适应所暴露或接触的天气、环境等变化的性能。又被称为活性材料等。
The devises that are made using smart materials are called Smart Devices. Similarly the systems and structures that have incorporated smart materials are called Smart Systems as shown in Figure 3.9 and Smart Structures. In other words the complexity increases from smart materials to smart structures.
用智能材料制作的设备称为智能设备。相应地，采用智能材料的系统和结构分别被称为智能系统如图3.9所示和智能结构。换言之，目前已从智能材料阶段发展到更为复杂的智能结构。
Figure 3.9 Smart System
图3.9 智能系统
1.Stimulus Response System as shown in Figure 3.10 刺激-反应系统如图3.10所示
A smart material or an active material gives an unique output for a well defined input. The input may be in the form of mechanical stressstrain, electricalmagnetic field or changes in temperature. Based on input and output, the smart materials are classified as following.
智能材料对于定义良好的输入会提供一个独特的输出。输入可能是以应力或应变、电或磁以及温度的变化等形式给出。基于输入及输出的内容，智能材料可分为如下几类。
Figure 3.10 Stimulus Response System
图3.10 刺激-反应系统
1 Shape Memory Alloys SMAs 形状记忆合金
They are the smart materials which have the ability to return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to appropriate thermal changes, e.g. Titanium-Nickel Alloys.
这种智能材料在适合的热交换条件下，可自动地恢复为原有的形状或尺寸，如钛-镍合金。
2 Magnetostrictive Materials 磁致伸缩材料
They are the smart materials which have the ability to undergo deformation when subjected to magnetic field, e.g. Terfenol-D Alloy of Iron and Terbium.
这种智能材料当置于磁场中时，可产生一定的变形，如稀土超磁致伸缩材料铁和稀土合金。
3 Piezoelectric Materials 压电材料
These are the materials which have capability to produce a voltage when surface strain is introduced. Conversely, the material undergo deformation stress when an electric field is applied across it.
这种智能材料当表面产生一定的应变时会产生一定的电压；反之，若表面存在电势场时，该材料也可产生变形。
4 Electrorheological Fluids 电流变材料
They are the colloidal suspensions that undergo changes in viscosity when subjected to an electric field. Such fluids are highly sensitive and respond instantaneously to any change in the applied electric field.
电流变材料属于胶质悬浮材料，当处于电势场中时表现出一定的黏性。电势场中任何微小的电势变化都会引起其灵敏及快速的反应。
2.Applications 智能材料的用途
1 Smart materials are used in aircrafts and spacecrafts to control vibrations and excessive deflections.
主要用于航空、航天器中来控制振动及挠度过大。
2 Smart concrete is used in smart structures. Smart concrete a composite of carbon fibres and concrete is capable of sensing minute structural cracksflaws.
智能混凝土用于智能结构中。智能混凝土一种成分为碳纤维与混凝土的复合材料能够监测微小裂缝的出现。
3 Smart materials have good potential to be used in health care markets. Active control drug delivery devices such as Insulin Pump is a possibility.
将智能材料应用于医疗卫生保健市场有很大的潜力，如胰岛素泵这种主动控制给药装置。
4 Smart materials have applications in the design of smart buildings and state of art vehicles. Smart materials are used for vibration control, noise mitigation, safety and performance improvement.
智能材料应用于智能建筑和一流的交通工具的设计中。智能材料可用于振动控制、噪声抑制、安全性和性能的提高等方面。
New Words and Expressions 生词和短语
1.brick n. 砖，砖块；砖形物
2.timber n. 木材；木料
3.cement n. 水泥；接合剂
4.steel n. 钢铁；钢制品；坚固
5.alternate building material 交替建筑材料
6.composite material 复合材料
7.smart material 智能材料
8.density n. 密度
9.porosity n. 有孔性，多孔性
10.specimen n. 样品，样本；标本
11.deformation n. 变形
12.abrasion n. 磨损；磨耗；擦伤
13.ductility n. 延展性；柔软性
14.rupture n. 破裂；决裂；疝气
15.brittleness n. [材] 脆性，[材] 脆度；脆弱性
16.creep n. 爬行；蔓延；蠕变
17.stiffness n. 刚度；硬度
18.fatigue n. 疲劳，疲乏
19.toughness n. [力] 韧性；强健；有黏性
20.corrosion resistance 耐蚀性；抗腐蚀性
21.cement-mortar 水泥砂浆
22.cement-concrete 水泥混凝土
23.quarry n. 采石场
24.lintel n. [建] 过梁
25.moulding clay 浇铸泥土
26.load-bearing wall 承重墙
27.partition-wall 隔墙
28.mortar n. 砂浆
29.gravel n. 碎石；沙砾
30.workability n. 可使用性；施工性能；可加工性
31.segregation n. 隔离，分离
32.harshness n. 严肃；刺耳；粗糙的事物
33.durability n. 耐久性；坚固；耐用年限
34.impermeability n. 不渗透性；不透过性
35.Stimulus Response System 刺激-反应系统
36.magnetostrictive adj. [物] 磁致伸缩的
37.piezoelectric adj. [电] 压电的
38.Electrorheological Fluid 电流变液体
Exercises 练习
Ⅰ. Write a T in front of a statement if it is true according to the text and write an F if it is false.
1.Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a material to density of water.
2.Thermal Conductivity is defined as the amount of heat in unit calories that will flow through unit area of the material with unit thickness in unit time when difference of temperature on its faces is also unity.
3.Broken bricks are used as a ballast material for railway tracks, and also as a road metal.
4.Cement Concrete can be used for making electric poles, railway sleepers and high rise towers.
5.Composite Materials possess low resistance to corrosion, chemicals and other weathering agents.
6.Magnetostrictive Materials are the smart materials which have the ability to undergo deformation when subjected to magnetic field.
Ⅱ. Complete the following sentences.
1.Engineering Materials or Building Materials include ______________, ______________,
________________, _________________ and _______________.
2.Some of the most important properties of building materials are ___________________,
_______________, ______________, ________________, _______________, _____________ and ______________.
3.The traditional building materials include_______________, ______________ and _______________.
4.The most common binding material used in the preparation of mortar is ______________.
5.Properties of Green Concrete are __________, ____________, ___________, __________.
6.Disadvantages of composites Materials include __________, __________, ___________.
7.Smart Materials are also called ____________ or ___________ or _____________.
Ⅲ.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1.The materials used in the construction of Engineering Structures such as buildings, bridges and roads are called Engineering Materials or Building Materials.
2.Stiffness is the property of a material which enables it to resist deformation.
3.Bricks are obtained by moulding clay in the rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks.
4.The term mortar is used to indicate a paste prepared by adding required quantity of water to a mixture of binding material and sand.
5.Cement Concrete is one of the best universally accepted construction material and used in various civil Engineering works.
6.A smart material or an active material gives an unique output for a well defined input.
Ⅳ.Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 一个工程师熟悉工程材料的性能是必要的。
2. 建筑材料，如石头、砖块和木材被称为传统的建筑材料。
3. 混凝土在塑性阶段和固化阶段的性能是不同的。
4. 复合材料大致可分为两组，分别是天然复合材料和人造材料。
5. 复合材料可以在不同的方向按照机械性能的要求以任意形状和大小尺寸加工成型。
6. 智能材料应用于智能建筑和一流的交通工具的设计中。
Answers 答案
Ⅰ.
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T
Ⅱ.
1.brick, timber, cement, steel, plastic
2.physical, mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical, acoustical, physiochemical
3.stones, bricks , timber
4.cement
5.workability, segregation, bleeding, harshness
6.high production cost, difficult to repair, susceptible to damage
7.Intelligent materials, Active materials ,Adoptive materials
Ⅲ.
1. 用于像建筑物、桥梁和道路等工程结构建设方面的材料叫作工程材料或建筑材料。
2. 硬度是材料抵抗变形的性能。
3. 砖是通过在统一尺寸的矩形块中浇注泥土并烧结而成。
4. 术语砂浆是用来表示把所需要的用水量加入到黏结材料和砂的混合物中形成的糊状物。
5. 水泥混凝土是最被普遍接受的建筑材料之一，可以用于各种土建工程。
6. 智能材料或活性物质根据确定的输入而产生一个特定的输出。
Ⅳ.
1.It is necessary for an engineer to be conversant with the properties of engineering materials.
2.The building materials such as stones, bricks and timber are called traditional building materials.
3.Properties of concrete are different when it is in plastic stage and hardened stage.
4.Composites materials can be broadly classified in to two groups. They are Natural composites materials and Man-made composites materials.
5.Composites materials can be molded to any shape and size with required mechanical properties in different directions.
6.Smart materials have applications in the design of smart buildings and state of art vehicles.
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