The textbook is divided into eight chapters.In theintroduction,the basic concept of polymer,classification and nomenclature ofpolymer,reaction type of polymer,development history of polymer and applicationof polymer are introduced in brief.In the next six chapters,free radical polymerization,freeradical copolymerization,ionic polymerization,step polymerization,ring-openingpolymerization and chemical reactions of polymers are introduced in detail.Theimplementation methods of polymerization are introduced systematically in the lastchapter.The new words and terminology are noted in Chinese in detail,and thelarge exercises are attached at the end of each chapter,which is helpful forthe students who are new to polymer chemistry to study smoothly.
The textbook is divided into eight chapters.In the introduction,the basic concept of polymer,classification and nomenclature of polymer,reaction type of polymer,development history of polymer and application of polymer are introduced in brief.In the next six chapters,free radical polymerization,free radical copolymerization,ionic polymerization,step polymerization,ring-opening polymerization and chemical reactions of polymers are introduced in detail.The implementation methods of polymerization are introduced systematically in the last chapter.The new words and terminology are noted in Chinese in detail,and the large exercises are attached at the end of each chapter,which is helpful for the students who are new to polymer chemistry to study smoothly.
This book is used as the textbook for colleges and universities.It is suitable for the major of Polymer Materials and Engineering,Material Chemistry,Material Science and Engineering,New Energy Materials and Devices,New Energy Materials and Engineering,Chemical Engineering and Technology,Applied Chemistry in engineering,Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Analytical Chemistry,Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics in science,and Chemistry in normal colleges.It can also be used as the reference for junior college,scientific researchers and production technicians.
1.4.3Comparison of Step and Chain Polymerization12
1.5NOMENCLATURE OF POLYMERS13
1.5.1Nomenclature Based on Source13
1.5.2Nomenclature Based on StructureNon-IUPAC14
1.5.3Trade Name14
1.5.4IUPAC Structure-Based Nomenclature System15
1.6A BRIEF HISTORY OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS16
1.6.11838-1930s16
1.6.21930-1945s17
1.6.31945-1960s17
1.6.41960-1980s18
1.6.51980-2000s18
1.6.62000-2018s19
1.6.7Prospect of Polymer Materials19
1.7HISTORY OF NOBEL PRIZES FOR POLYMER SCIENCE20
1.8APPLICATION OF POLYMERS20
Exercises1 21
Chapter 2 FREE-RADICAL POLYMERIZATION23
2.1INTRODUCE23
2.1.1Initiators24
2.1.2Monomers25
2.1.3Solvents and Systems26
2.2INITIATION27
2.2.1Initiation by Thermal Decomposition of Initiators27
2.2.2Initiation by Redox Reactions29
2.2.3Initiation by Photolytic and Ionizing Radiation29
2.2.4Reactions of Initiator Radicals with Monomers29
2.3RADICAL CHAIN PROPAGATION30
2.4CHAIN TRANSFER REACTIONS31
2.5FREE RADICAL CHAIN TERMINATION32
2.6KINECTICS OF FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION33
2.6.1Approximations34
2.6.2Steady-state Concentrations of the Propagating Radicals35
2.6.3Theoretic Rate of Polymerization36
2.7AVERAGE KINETIC CHAIN LENGTH39
2.8AVERAGE DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION AND AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT40
2.9EFFECT OF CHAIN TRANSFER ON AVERAGE DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION41
2.10DEPENDENCE OF THE DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION ON TEMPERATURE43
2.11DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT44
2.11.1Disproportionation Termination44
2.11.2Combination Termination45
2.12INHIBITOR AND RETARDER46
Exercises2 47
Chapter 3 FREE-RADICAL COPOLYMERIZATION51
3.1TYPES AND NAMENCLATURE OF COPOLYMERS51
3.2REACTIVITY RATIO AND COPOLYMER COMPOSITION EQUATION52
3.3COPOLYMERIZATION BEHAVIOR54
3.3.1Ideal Copolymerization54
3.3.2Alternating Copolymerization56
3.3.3Non-ideal Copolymerization56
3.3.4"Block" Copolymerization57
3.4EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF ACTIVITY RATIOS57
3.5VARIATION OF COPOLYMER COMPOSITION WITH CONVERSION58
3.6EFFECT OF MONOMER STRUCTURE ON REACTIVITY60
3.6.1Conjugation Effect60
3.6.2Polarity Effect60
3.6.3Steric Effect61
3.7Q-e EQUATIONS61
3.8DISTRIBUTION OF MONOMERS IN A COPOLYMER63
Exercises3 65
Chapter 4 IONIC POLYMERIZATION67
4.1ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION68
4.1.1Initiators for Anionic Polymerization68
4.1.2Monomers for Anionic Polymerization70
4.1.3Solvents70
4.1.4The Mechanism of Anionic PolymerizationGeneral71
4.1.5Living Polymers and Copolymerization72
4.2COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION73
4.2.1Ziegler-Natta Catalyst73
4.2.2Composition of the Catalyst74
4.2.3Polymerization Mechanism75
4.3CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION76
4.3.1Initiators for Cationic Polymerization76
4.3.2Monomers for Cationic Polymerization78
4.3.3The Mechanism of Cationic Polymerization78
4.3.4Special Characteristics of Classical Cationic Polymerizations80
4.4KINETICS OF IONIC POLYMERIZATION80
4.4.1Anionic Polymerization81
4.4.2Cationic Polymerization87
Exercises4 91
Chapter 5 STEP POLYMERIZATION93
5.1INTRODUCTION93
5.1.1Types of Condensation Reactions94
5.1.2Requirements for High Molecular Weight95
5.2SPECIFIC CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATIONS95
5.2.1Linear Polyesters95
5.2.2Branched and Crosslinked Polyesters96
5.2.3Polycarbonates97
5.2.4Polyamidesnylons98
5.3KINETICS OF STEP POLYMERIZATION99
5.3.1Equal Reactivity of Functional Groups99
5.3.2Rate of Polymerization Reactions99
5.3.3Kinetics of Polyesterification100
5.4TIME DEPENDENCE OF THE AVERAGE DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION103
5.5MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS105
5.6EFFECT OF NONSTOICHIOMETRIC REACTANT RATIOS108
5.7BRANCHED AND CROSSLINKED CONDENSATION POLYMERS111
5.8THE METHOD OF STEP POLYMERIZATION114
5.8.1Melt Condensation Polymerization115
5.8.2Solution Polymerization116
5.8.3Interfacial Polycondensation116
5.8.4Solid Phase Polycondensation117
5.9RANDOM PREPOLYMERS AND STRUCTURE PREPOLYMERS118
5.9.1Random Performed Polymers118
5.9.2Structure Prepolymers119
Exercises5 122
Chapter 6 RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION126
6.1INTRODUCTION126
6.2CHARACTERISTICS OF RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION 126
6.3POLYMERIZATION ABILITY OF CYCLIC MONOMERS127
6.4THERMODYNAMICS OF RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF CYCLOALKANES127
6.5THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CYCLOALKANE POLYMERIZATION128
6.6IMPORTANT RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION IN INDUSTRY130
6.6.1Cyclic Ether130
6.6.2Cationic Ring-opening Polymerization of Carbonyl Compounds and Acetals133
6.6.3Ring-opening Polymerization of Cyclic Amides134
6.6.4Cyclosiloxane137
Exercises6 138
Chapter 7 REACTIONS OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS139
7.1REACTIONS INVOLVING THE MAIN CHAIN139
7.1.1Addition Reactions139
7.1.2Reactions that Generate Skeletal Unsaturation140
7.1.3Hydrolytic Chain Cleavage140
7.1.4Enzymatic Degradation of Synthetic Polymers141
7.1.5Oxidation Reactions142
7.1.6High Temperature Degradation Reactions143
7.1.7Electron Beam Depolymerization147
7.2REACTIONS INVOLVING THE SIDE GROUPS147
7.2.1Principles of Polymer Reactivity147
7.2.2Hydrolysis of Side Group Structures148
7.2.3Chloromethylation of Polystyrene150
7.3GRAFT POLYMER FORMATION151
7.4CROSS-LINKING REACTION152
7.5SURFACE REACTIONS OF POLYMERS153
7.5.1Surface Fluorination153
7.5.2Surface Nitrification and Sulfonation154
7.5.3Surface Oxidation154
Exercises7 155
Chapter 8 METHODS OF POLYMERIZATION156
8.1BULK MASS POLYMERIZATION156
8.2SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION157
8.3SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION157
8.4EMULSION POLYMERIZATION159
8.4.1Description of Process160
8.4.2Quantitative Aspects168
8.4.3Other Characteristics of Emulsion Polymerization176
8.4.4Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization179
8.4.5Inverse Emulsion Polymerization180
8.4.6Miniemulsion Polymerization181
8.4.7Microemulsion Polymerization181
8.4.8Seed Emulsion Polymerization181
8.4.9Core-shell Emulsion Polymerization182
8.4.10Dispersion Polymerization182
8.4.11Living Radical Polymerization182
Exercises8 184
REFERENCE185
內容試閱：
Polymer chemistry is a compulsory basic course of polymeric materials and engineering and interrelated specialities in engineering colleges.It is also listed as a compulsory or optional course for students majoring in science in universities of science and technology and chemistry in teacher universities.In addition,many non-polymer majors are also engaged in polymer research,production and application after graduation because of the large production,variety,wide application and high economic benefits of polymers.In particular,the internationalization of China''s development requires that trained students can engage in scientific research,production technology and management abroad.This is urgently required for a bilingual textbook or a reference book with high value in English and Chinese.
There are many English textbooks for polymer chemistry in foreign countries.Because there are so many local words and unfamiliar words,even university teachers have difficulty in dealing with the skimming and scanning.It is difficult to find suitable original English textbook for the students in local universities in China to master professional vocabulary and professional knowledge.Therefore,on the basis of our fifteen yearsexperience in bilingual teaching,a bilingual textbook on polymer chemistry has been written to suit for local universities in China.Try to be literal and easy to understand,and professional words and new words are annotated in Chinese.To improve the readability and applicability of the textbook,it offers opportunities for students from a variety of backgrounds to gain basic knowledge,understanding and skills in polymer materials.
In the teaching plan of polymer materials and engineering specialty,there are courses such as polymer chemistry,polymer physicsstructure and performance,fundamentals of polymer molding and processing.In this case,the emphasis of polymer chemistry should be put on the principle of polymerization,but relationship between structure,properties and application should not be neglected.In the introduction of this textbook,the basic concepts of polymers,molecular weight and distribution of polymers,microstructure,classification of polymers,types of polymerization reactions,nomenclature of polymers,and development history of polymers are highlighted one by one in order to draw attention to them and hopefully penetrate them into later chapters.When we need to know more about these contents,we should refer to other textbooks or monographs.
From the point of view of polymer materials,the synthesis,structure,properties and applications of polymers can be introduced according to the types of polymers.This book,on the one hand,is classified according to polymerization mechanism,kinetics and polymerization methods,and then discusses free radical polymerization,free radical copolymerization,ionic polymerizationincluding anionic polymerization,coordination polymerization and cationic polymerization,step polymerization,chemical reactions of polymers and polymerization methods in turn.On the other hand,ring-opening polymerization includes anionic polymerization,cationic polymerization and step polymerization,so it is written as an indepen-dent chapter.This will contribute to deepen the problem.
The three chapters of free radical polymerization,freeradical copolymerization and step polymerization are the major ones,and their theoretical system and content are the most mature.At the same time,students should be aware that the material literature in ionic po-lymerization and coordination polymerization are very abundant,however,from the overall opinion,theoretical research is still in immature,imperfect stage.Therefore,we only introduce the basic concepts,basic principles and other basic knowledge in these chapters.In general polymer chemistry textbooks,except for emulsion polymerization,the other polymerization methods are very brief.Considering that there is not the course of polymer production technology in many engineering colleges and universities,and that polymerization mechanism and kinetics should be closely related to practice,this book extends the content of polymerization methodprocessappropriately from polymerization reaction engineering,and gives some examples.The chapter on chemical reactions of polymers,especially the rapid development of functional polymers in recent years,covers a wide range of topics.Each section of this chapter can be developed into an independent course or monograph.Unfortunately,under the condition of limited space,we can only comprehensively consider the content of each part,and make a brief introduction not in-depth discussion.The purpose is to give students some ideas in order to open up their horizons and broaden thinking.
The structure and form of olefin monomers have little change by chain polymerization,but the properties of polymers are obviously different.However,the monomers with functional groups can form condensate polymers with different structures and properties after condensation or step polymerization.Therefore,in the chapter of step polymerization,the syntheses of many kinds of condensate polymers are introduced systematically through the practical application on the mechanism of condensation polymerization and polymerization methods.Such treatment can reflect the diversity of condensation polymerization and supplement much knowledge about condensate polymers.
This book was written by Ming Zhou and Jialin Dai.Chapters 1-6 were written by professor Zhou of Southwest Petroleum University.Chapters 7 and 8 were written by professor Dai of Southwest Petroleum University.Professor Zhou revised the whole textbook.Zhou''s postgraduates Yiping Chen,Yinghua Gu and Rongjun Yi helped to change the format and handle words.
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