吴佩萱，广东工业大学机电工程学院，副教授，吴佩萱，美国奥本大学 Auburn University 材料工程学博士，美国材料学会成员。广东省第五批珠江人才计划引进创新科研人才，深圳市科创委专家。曾任美国卡特彼勒公司Caterpillar Inc. CAT 研究员，美国普渡大学 Purdue University 机械工程技术系Research Scientist。近年来一直从事传感器及智能材料的研究，成功研发了高灵敏度便携式磁致伸缩传感器系统。近5年发表国际学术论文30篇（其中SCI检索收录20余篇，单篇正面引用超过150次），担任Materials Letters, Polymer, Measurement等国际知名SCI杂志审稿人；申请美国、中国发明专利35件，已授权10件。在传感器及食品安全检测技术、健康等领域以第*一发明人身份拥有多项发明专利授权。主持承担多项省国家*级基金项目，其中包括广东省珠江人才计划引进创新团队项目2014ZT05G157在研，城市轨道交通网络控制芯片与系统201602-202101子课题列车健康状态监测分析仪器的研发与产业化负责人（经费700万元）创新团队核心成员（排名前三）；广东省自然科学基金项目2018A030313246负责人；美国国防部项目DOD，全天候车辆引擎条件监控系统项目Condition Based Maintenance for Military Vehicles，$1,000,000.00年。
目錄：
Chapter 1 Introduction1
1.1Background & Identification of the Current Issue1
1.2Viscosity,Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Liquids2
1.2.1General Introduction of Viscosity2
1.2.2Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Liquids5
1.2.3Different Models of Typical Non-Newtonian Liquids6
1.2.4Temperature Dependence of Liquid Viscosity8
1.2.5Engine Oils and Non-Linear Behaviors of Viscosity in Engine Oils9
1.3Conventional Methods10
1.3.1U-Tube Viscometer11
1.3.2Falling Ball Viscometers14
1.3.3Rotational Viscometers17
1.4Active Acoustic Wave AW Resonators as Viscometer and Current Research19
1.4.1Vibrating Viscometers19
1.4.2Current Research on AW Viscometer Advantage over Traditional One,and Challenges21
1.5Research Objectives25
References26
Chapter 2 Fundamental Study of Magnetostrictive Strip Resonance Behaviors and Location Effects in Pick-up Coils30
2.1Introductions30
2.2Configuration of Magnetostrictive Strip Sensor32
2.3Current Characterizations of Resonance Behaviors of Magnetostrictive Strips34
2.4Experimental and Measurement Setup35
2.4.1Lock-in Amplifier Method35
2.4.2Impedance Analyzer Method38
2.4.3Network Analyzer Method38
2.5Characterization and Experiment Results Discussion38
2.5.1Resonance Frequency of Magnetostrictive Sensor38
2.5.2Effect of External DC Bias Magnetic Field on Resonance Behaviors of Strip Sensor39
2.5.3Effect of AC Driving Magnetic Field on Resonance Behaviors of Strip Sensor43
2.5.3.1Lock-in Amplifier Method44
2.5.3.2Impedance Analyzer Method45
2.5.3.3Network Analyzer Method48
2.5.3.4Conclusion48
2.5.4Comparison of Impedance Analyzer Method and Lock-in Amplifier vMethod50
2.5.5Comparison of the Influence of Different Coils on Resonance Behaviors of Magnetostrictive Strip by Impedance Analyzer Method50
2.5.6Location Effect of Magnetostrictive Strip Sensor in Pick-up Coils53
2.6Conclusions56
References56
Chapter 3 Magnetostrictive Strip Sensors to Identify the Nonlinearity of Viscosity59
3.1Introduction59
3.2Experimental and Measurement Setup60
3.3Determination of Three Characteristic Frequencies61
3.4Comparison of the Performances of Different Length Magnetostrictive Strip Sensors in Oils64
3.5Comparison of the Performances of Different Length-ratio Magnetostrictive Strip Sensors in Oils67
3.6The Performances of 40mm3mm30m Magnetostrictive Strip Sensor in Oils at Different Temperatures68
3.7Conclusions71
References72
Chapter 4 Piezoelectric Cantilever Sensors to Identify the Nonlinearity of Viscosity73
4.1Introduction73
4.2Configuration of Piezoelectric Cantilever Sensor74
4.3Theory76
4.4Experimental and Measurement Setup79
4.5The Performance Comparison of PZT Cantilevers with Same Length and Thickness but Different Width and Performance Comparison of PZT Cantilevers with Different Length but Same Width and Thickness81
4.6Conclusions85
References86
Chapter 5 Numerical Simulations to Identify the Nonlinearity of Viscosity87
5.1Introduction87
5.2Theoretical Model in Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Liquids and Numerical Simulation88
5.3Model in Newtonian Liquids and Numerical Simulation89
5.3.1The Study of Relationship of Three Characteristic Frequencies with B Value97
5.4Model in Non-Newtonian Liquids and Numerical Simulation100
References102
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Perspectives103
內容試閱：
前言
流体是一种在施加的剪切应力或外部压力下不断屈服形变的物质。流体实际上包括了气体、液体、等离子体甚至塑性固体等材料相。然而在日常使用中，流体通常用来指液体，而没有包含气体相的含义。例如，汽车制动液实际上是液压油，如果里面有气体，就不能发挥其正常功能。固体和流体之间的差别并不十分清楚，这种差别是通过测量物质的黏度来进行的。黏度表示流体在剪切应力或拉伸应力作用下变形的阻力。
牛顿液体Newtonian liquid是指牛顿1687年提出的一种理想黏性液体。即指具有层流特征的流体，相邻的两层平行流动的液体间产生的剪切应力与垂直于流动方向的速度梯度成正比时，这种液体即为牛顿液体。非牛顿流体，是指不满足牛顿黏性实验定律的流体，即该流体其剪应力与剪切应变率之间为非线性关系。常见的具有简单结构的液体是牛顿液（如水，甘油，油等）。具有复杂结构的流体（聚合物熔体或溶液、悬浮液等）通常是非牛顿流体。
尽管黏度及其非线性问题的提出已经有数百年的时间，期间研究者提出了各式各样的模型来描述非线性，例如剪切增稠液、剪切稀化液、宾汉塑性体、结构流体等等，其中又有多种模型来描述，如Carreau模型、Ellis模型、Sisko模型、Power law模型、Carreau-Yasuda模型、Meter模型等，但每一个模型都有其局限性，仅能在比较有限的范围内来描述黏度特性。
引擎机油的质量对润滑性能起着至关重要的作用，对发动机的性能起着重要的作用。因此，通过测量黏度来监测机油质量是非常重要的。为了提高发动机油的性能，在生产过程中加入黏度调节剂。然而，随着黏度调节剂的加入，机油在发动机中表现出非线性的黏度行为。由于发动机内部温度和压力很大，降解过程中油本身的化学变化和pH值的变化是不可避免的，水的凝结以及污染物和淤积物在油中的积累也是不可避免的，所有这些都会改变油的黏度和非线性。如果可以通过安装实时油质传感器来监测这些变化，可以即时检测机油状况，减少机油的处置频率，这将极大地有益于环境，并节约成本和能源。使用适当的机油将提高发动机的性能并提高汽车的寿命。本书着重从这几个角度来讨论合适的模型以及传感器系统来分析测量流体（如发动机机油）的黏度及其非线性，结论能应用于汽车工业实际的科研及生产中，如发动机油品检测传感器系统，产生较大的经济效益。
在本书的框架设计及具体写作过程中，得到了麻省理工学院张麟博士、Frostburg State University柳祯教授、太原科技大学张克维教授的关心和帮助，在此向他们谨表衷心感谢。
本书的出版还得到了广东省自然科学基金项目2018A030313246、佛山市科技计划项目（佛山市科技创新团队，项目号：2015IT100152）、广东省2017年度科技计划项目-广东省重大项目2017B090911012、广东省重点实验室建设项目2017B030314178和广东工业大学的大力支持，在此表示感谢！
由于作者水平有限，书中难免存在不足和疏漏之处,敬请专家和读者批评指正。
著者
2019年6月
Preface
Fluid has many physical properties, such as conductivity, density, heat capacity, surface tension, thermal conductivity and viscosity.Viscosity is one of the most important physical properties of fluid, and it needs to be studied while choosing proper fluids for specific applications. Viscosity measurements are essentially connected with product quality and consistency. When concerned with fluids characterization in design, development, quality control or just liquid transportation, viscosity measurements are always involved. For example, the quality of engine oil is critical to its lubricating property and also plays an important role in engine performance. Therefore, it is important to monitor the oil quality in an engine by measuring its viscosity over time.
Some microacoustic devices have been developed to measure viscosity. It should be mentioned that all these devices have been developed to measure the viscosity only. As it is well known that some small change in viscosity may not affect the engine very much, therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the non-linearity of viscosity may be the real key of determining engine oil conditions. Among these acoustic technologies, magnetostrictive strip and cantilever have some unique advantages over others, such as wireless and good performances in liquids by choosing magnetostrictive strip, and large vibration displacement by selecting cantilever.
In this research, the resonance behaviors of magnetostrictive strip are systemically studied to improve the sensor applications. Different factors which could have influences on resonance behaviors of magnetostrictive strip are examined intensively, such as DC bias field influence and locations effect. And the view that the AC-driving field could influence resonance frequencies of sensor is proposed. Proofs from three independent methods lock-in amplifier, impedance analyzer and network analyzer are given to support the view that resonance frequencies decrease with an increase in the AC-driving field. This discovery shows that AC driving field should be strong enough to avoid the influence on the resonance frequencies. The measurement results of the lock-in amplifier and impedance analyzer are compared to study the principle difference between these two methods. And also by using different coils in impedance analyzer method, the view that the impedance analyzer measures the signal from sensor and equivalent circuits is proved. Combined with the former results from the AC-driving field, it is found that coils with a small diameter and the same length as the sensor are good for resonance behaviors measurement. The location effects study shows the center of the pick-up coil is the best position of measuring the vibration signals of the magnetostrictive strip sensor.
A new method by using properly chosen function of characteristic frequencies versus one of three frequencies is developed to identify the non-linearity of viscosity and also differentiate Newtonian oils and non-Newtonian oils. The resonance behaviors of magnetostrictive strips with different lengths in different oils are studied, and the performances of same length magnetostrictive strips with different length-width ratios are also investigated. All studies show that geometry of magnetostrictive strip is important in identifying non-linearity of viscosity. In order to apply magnetostrictive strips in a real circumstance, the performances of strip sensor are studied under different temperatures, and it is found that a magnetostrictive strip of this size can determine the non-linearity of viscosity well within broad temperature ranges.
The resonance behaviors of cantilever sensors with different lengths in different oils are studied, and the performances of same length cantilever sensors with different length-width ratios are also investigated. The results show that a longer cantilever with the same width and thickness has better performance in identifying non-linearity of viscosity, and a cantilever sensor of the same length and thickness with a smaller width has better performance in differentiating Newtonian oils and non-Newtonian oils.
And numerical simulation of the vibration of the strip sensor shows non-Newtonian liquids behave like Newtonian liquids at a rather low shear rates and high shear rates in which the ranges viscosity does not change with the shear rate and acts totally different with Newtonian liquids at an intermediate shear rate. So based on this conclusion, similar results can be achieved by the method I proposed which can distinguish these two types of liquids. And this also approves the validity of the method proposed in this study.
Acknowledgement
This work was financially supported by Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation No. 2018A030313246, Project of Science and Technology of Foshan City No. 2015IT100152, Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province No. 2017B090911012, Key Laboratory Construction Projects in Guangdong No. 2017B030314178.
Peixuan Wu & HanWang
2019.6
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