LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 9
PREFACE 11
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 What is Contrastive Linguistics? 1
1.1.1 The Name and Nature of Contrastive Linguistics 2
1.1.1.1 Linguistics 2
1.1.1.2 Contrastive Linguistics (Contrastive Analysis) 4
1.1.2 Micro-Contrastive Linguistics and Macro-Contrastive Linguistics 10
1.2 Why Contrastive Linguistics? 11
1.2.1 The Theoretical Need for Contrastive Linguistics 12
1.2.2 The Practical Need for Contrastive Linguistics 13
1.3 The History and Development of Contrastive Linguistics 18
Questions for Discussion and Research 26
CHAPTER 2 THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 28
2.1 Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses Underlying Contrastive Analysis (CA) 28
2.1.1 The Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis: Transfer 29
2.1.2 The Strong and Weak Versions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 30
2.1.3 The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis 31
2.2 Theoretical Contrastive Analysis and Applied Contrastive Analysis 32
2.3 Criteria for Comparison 37
2.3.1 The Surface Structure (SS) 38
2.3.2 The Deep Structure (DS) 40
2.3.3 Translation Equivalence 44
2.4 Procedures of Contrastive Analysis 49
Questions for Discussion and Research 50
CHAPTER 3 PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 52
3.1 Phonetics and Phonology 52
3.2 Contrastive Phonetics 54
3.2.1 Articulatory Phonetics 54
3.2.1.1 Vocal organs (articulators) and the dynamics of voice production 54
3.2.1.2 The modulation of speech sounds 58
3.2.2 Acoustic Phonetics 60
3.2.2.1 Frequency 60
3.2.2.2 Amplitude of vibration 61
3.2.2.3 Timbre 61
3.2.3 Auditory Phonetics 62
3.3 Contrastive Phonology 65
3.3.1 Phonological Contrastive Analysis 65
3.3.1.1 The functional statuses of comparable speech sounds in different languages 65
3.3.1.2 Pronunciation problems caused by phonemic asymmetries and by allophonic differences 66
3.3.1.3 The functional loads of comparable phonological contrasts in different languages 67
3.3.2 Two Phonologic
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