ContentsAbout the editors iPreface iiiAcknowledgements vAbbreviations viiCHAPTER 1 Enzymes and their functions in soil and groundwater 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types and sources 31.2.1 Types 31.2.2 Sources 41.3 Kinetics， functions and influencing factors 51.3.1 Enzyme kinetics 51.3.2 Functions of enzymes 71.3.3 Influencing factors of enzyme activities 131.4 Methods for visualizing enzyme activities: in situzymography 211.4.1 Introduction 211.4.2 Materials and methods 241.4.3 Procedures 271.4.4 Combination with other visualization techniques 301.5 Enzymes and their relations with environmental researches 351.5.1 Effluent treatment and detoxification 361.5.2 Bioindicators for pollution monitoring 401.5.3 Biosensors 461.6 Conclusion 51Main References 52CHAPTER 2 Global climate change and enzyme activities 622.1 Global climate change and its mutual effects with the environment 622.1.1 Overview of global climate change 622.1.2 Impacts of global climate change 632.1.3 Feedback of soil and groundwater environment to global climate change 702.1.4 Summary and outlook 722.2 Temperature sensitivity of enzyme activities 742.2.1 Introduction 742.2.2 Temperature sensitivity of soil enzymes 762.2.3 Response of substrate affinity to temperature 792.2.4 Catalytic efficiency of enzymes as affected by temperature 822.2.5 Summary 84Main References 84CHAPTER 3 Response of enzyme activities to manure applications 903.1 Impact of manure on soil biochemical properties: a global synthesis 903.1.1 Introduction 903.1.2 Nutrient composition of manure and its effects on soil properties 923.1.3 Effects of manure application on enzyme activities 1003.1.4 Soil pH and its influence on the manuring effect 1093.1.5 Effects of soil， climate， management and manure-related factors on the soil biochemical properties 1113.1.6 Summary 1143.2 Spatiotemporal patterns of enzyme activities after manure application reflect mechanisms of niche differentiation between plants and microorganisms 1153.2.1 Introduction 1153.2.2 Temporal response of enzyme activities to manure application strategy 1173.2.3 Spatial response of enzyme activities to manure application strategies 1243.2.4 Response of plants to manure application strategies 1263.2.5 Summary 129Main References 130CHAPTER 4 Response of enzyme activities to metal/nanometal oxide 1404.1 Effects of nanometal oxides on enzyme activity 1404.1.1 Introduction 1404.1.2 Overview of nanometal oxides 1414.1.3 Effect of ENOPs on enzyme activity 1424.1.4 Major pathways to affect enzyme activities 1424.1.5 Main regulators of enzyme activity 1484.1.6 Summary and outlook 1504.2 Effect of exogenous lead contamination on microbial enzyme activity in purple soil 1514.2.1 Introduction 1514.2.2 Change in content of available lead 1534.2.3 Sensitivity of enzyme activity to lead contamination 1554.2.4 Dose-effect relationship between enzyme activity and lead concentration 1574.2.5 Summary 1574.3 Toxicity of nano-CuO particles to maize and microbial community largely depends on its bioavailable fractions 1584.3.1 Introduction 1584.3.2 Response of plants to nano-CuO and CuSO4 1604.3.3 Response of microbial community compositions to nano-CuO and CuSO4 1644.3.4 Responses of enzyme activities on the rhizoplane to nano-CuO and CuSO4 1664.3.5 Agricultural implications 1724.3.6 Summary 1724.4 Influences of nano-ZnO particles on plant and microbes grown in Pb-contaminated soil 1724.4.1 Impact of ZnO nanoparticles on soil lead bioavailability and microbial properties 1724.4.2 Effects of nano ZnO addition on metal morphology and plant growth in lead-contaminated soil 1874.4.3 Summary 1964.5 Effects of acid rain on heavy metal release and enzyme activity in contaminated soil 1984.5.1 Introduction 1984.5.2 Effect of dynamic simulated acid rain on Cr(VI) release characteristics and enzyme activity in contaminated soil 2004.5.3 Effect of dynamic simulated acid rain on the release characteristics and enzyme activity of Pb in contaminated soil 2084.5.4 Summary 216Main References 218CHAPTER 5 Effect of biomass-based materials on enzyme activities in heavy metal- contaminated environment 2295.1 Spatial-temporal distribution of enzyme activities in heavy metal-contaminated soil after application of organic fertilizers 2295.1.1 Introduction 2295.1.2 Impact of organic amendments on soil acidification 2315.1.3 Impact of organic amendments on plant characteristics 2345.1.4 Cr concentration and speciation in soil
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