Chapter 1 Molecular UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 1
1.1 Basic Properties of Light 1
1.2 Electron Transition 2
1.2.1 Ground State and Excited State 2
1.2.2 Electron Transition Type 4
1.2.3 Transition Allowed and Transition Forbidden 4
1.3 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 6
1.3.1 Absorption Rule 6
1.3.2 Lamber-Beer’s Law 6
1.3.3 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 7
1.3.4 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrometer 8
1.4 Factors of Influence on the UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 8
1.4.1 Basic Concepts 8
1.4.2 Conjugation Effect 11
1.4.3 Steric Effect 13
1.4.4 Solvent Effect 14
1.4.5 Substituent Effect 17
1.4.6 Concentration Effect 18
1.4.7 Absorption Spectrum of Molecular Aggregates 19
1.5 Molecular Structure and Color 20
Chapter 2 Fluorescence Spectra and Fluorescent Sensors 24
2.1 Luminescence 24
2.1.1 Excited State and Decay 24
2.1.2 Singlet State and Triplet State 25
2.1.3 Excited State Decay 25
2.1.4 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 26
2.1.5 Internal Conversion and Intersystem Crossing 27
2.1.6 Jablonski Diagram 27
2.2 Fluorescence Spectra 28
2.2.1 Fluorescence Emission Spectra 28
2.2.2 Fluorescence Spectrum Characteristics 29
2.2.3 Fluorescence Properties 31
2.3 Factors Influencing Fluorescence Properties 33
2.3.1 Conjugation Effect 33
2.3.2 Planar Effect 34
2.3.3 Substituent Effect 35
2.3.4 Solvent Effect 36
2.3.5 Concentration Effect 39
2.3.6 Other Factors 41
2.4 Phosphorescence Emission 43
2.5 Radiative Energy Transfer and Non-radiative Energy Transfer 44
2.5.1 Radiative Energy Transfer 45
2.5.2 Non-radiative Energy Transfer 48
2.5.3 Stern-Volmer Quenching Equation 49
2.6 Fluorescence Chemical Sensor 51
2.6.1 Structure of Fluorescent Sensing Molecule 51
2.6.2 Signal Expression of Fluorescence Sensor 52
2.6.3 Examples of Fluorescent Sensors 55
Chapter 3 Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials 58
3.1 Photochromism 58
3.1.1 Chromic Materials 58
3.1.2 Photochromism 58
3.1.3 Photochromism Mechanism 58
3.2 Photochromic Materials 59
3.2.1 Azo Derivatives 59
3.2.2 Salicylideneanilines (Schiff’s Base) 62
3.2.3 Diarylethenes 63
3.2.4 Spiropyrans 65
3.3 Photochromic Materials Applications 65
3.3.1 Optical Switches 65
3.3.2 Optical Information Storage 66
3.4 Electrochromic Materials 67
3.4.1 Viologens 68
3.4.2 Polyanilines 69
3.4.3 Metal Phthalocyanines (Phthalocyanine Complexes) 71
3.4.4 Polypyridyl Metal Complexes 74
3.4.5 Electrochromic Parameters 77
3.4.6 Electrochromic Devices 80
3.4.7 Electrochromic Device Applications 82
Chapter 4 Organic Light-emitting Diodes 84
4.1 OLED Research Development 84
4.2 OLEDs Structures 85
4.2.1 Single-layer OLED 86
4.2.2 Multi-layer OLED 87
4.3 OLEDs Product Categories 87
4.4 OLEDs Working Principles 88
4.5 OLEDs Performance Parameters 90
4.6 OLED Materials 93
4.6.1 Organic Luminescent Materials 94
4.6.2 Carrier Transport Materials 97
4.6.3 Electrode Materials of OLEDs 98
4.7 Key Factors on OLED Performances 99
4.7.1 Energy Level Matching 99
4.7.2 Mobility Matching 103
4.8 OLED Production Process 104
Chapter 5 Liquid Crystal Display Materials and Technology 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Liquid Crystals Classification 108
5.3 Liquid Crystals Chemical Structures 109
5.4 Liquid Crystal Phases 111
5.4.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals 111
5.4.2 Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 111
5.4.3 Smectic Liquid Crystals 112
5.5 Liquid Crystal Domains 112
5.6 Physical Properties 113
5.6.1 LC Temperature Range 114
5.6.2 Viscosity 115
5.6.3 Dielectric Constant 116
5.6.4 Refractive Index 118
5.7 Liquid Crystal Displays 119
5.7.1 Basic Components 119
5.7.2 Working Principle 120
Chapter 6 Organic Field-Effect Transistor Materials and Devices 122
6.1 Field-Effect Transistors 122
6.1.1 Basic Conceptions 122
6.1.2 p-n Junction Semiconductor Diode 124
6.1.3 Semiconductor Triode 125
6.2 Organic Field Effect Transistor 126
6.2.1 OFET Device Structure 126
6.2.2 OFET Working Principle 127
6.3 OFET Performances 128
6.3.1 Device Mobility 128
6.3.2 On/Off Ratio 129
6.3.3 Threshold Voltage 130
6.3.4 Saturation and Unsaturation Regions 130
6.4 OFET Materials 131
6.4.1 Organic Semiconductor Materials 131
6.4.2 Electrode Materials 134
6.4.3 Insulating Layer Materials 136
6.4.4 Substrate Materials 136
6.5 OFET Fabrication Processes 137
6.5.1 Silk-screen Printing 137
6.5.2 Inkjet Printing 138
Chapter 7 Organic Solar Energy Materials and Devices 140
7.1 Solar Spectrum and Solar Energy Utilization 140
7.1.1 Solar Spectrum 140
7.1.2 Solar Energy Utilization 141
7.2 Organic Solar Cell 141
7.2.1 Working Principle 142
7.2.2 Performance Parameters 142
7.2.3 OSC Structures 144
7.2.4 Organic Solar Active Materials 147
7.3 Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) 149
7.3.1 Dye Sensitization Principle 149
7.3.2 DSSC Device Structure 150
7.3.3 DSSC Working Principle 151
7.3.4 DSSC Materials 152
7.3.5 Factors influencing DSSCs Performances 155
7.4 Conversion from Solar Energy to Chemical Energy 156
7.4.1 Photosynthesis 156
7.4.2 Conversion of Solar Energy to Hydrogen Energy 158
7.5 Conversion of Solar Energy to Heat 160
Chapter 8 Organic Photoconductors and Devices 162
8.1 Organic Photoconductor Principle 162
8.2 OPC Performance Parameters 163
8.3 OPC Materials 165
8.3.1 Phthalocyanine and Metalphthalocyanine 165
8.3.2 Polyvinylcarbazole 167
8.3.3 PVC Composites 168
8.3.4 Squaraine Dye 170
8.4 OPC Devices 171
8.4.1 OPC Device Composition 171
8.4.2 OPC Device Structure 171
8.4.3 OPC Device Working Principle 172
8.4.4 OPC Device Parameters 172
Chapter 9 Two-photon Absorption Materials and Applications 174
9.1 Two-photon Absorption 174
9.1.1 Nonlinear Optical Phenomena 174
9.1.2 Two-photon Absorption 175
9.2 Two-photon Absorption Applications 175
9.2.1 Optical Power Limiting 176
9.2.2 Two-photon Upconversion Lasing 178
9.2.3 Two-photon Data Storage 180
9.2.4 Two-photon Photodynamic Therapy 182
9.2.5 Two-photon Cofocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) 183
9.3 Strong Two-photon Absorption Chromophores 184
9.3.1 Theoretical Molecular Designs 184
9.3.2 Asymmetric Molecular Structures 186
9.3.3 Symmetric Molecular Structures 189
References 192
Chapter 10 Triplet-triplet Annihilation Upconversion Materials and Applications 193
10.1 Triplet-triplet Annihilation Upconversion 193
10.1.1 Differences between TTA-UC and TPA-UC 194
10.1.2 TTA-UC Efficiency 195
10.2 Potential Applications of TTA-UC 198
10.2.1 Upconversion-powered Photoelectrochemistry 198
10.2.2 Upconversion-powered Solar Cell 200
10.2.3 TTA-UC-powered Photolysis of Bilirubin 202
10.3 Triplet-triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems 203
10.3.1 Solution-based Upconversion Systems 203
10.3.2 Polymer-based Upconversion Systems 208
References 212
內容試閱：
前言
有机光电材料领域蓬勃发展，也伴随相关行业对人才需求的迅速增长。为了加大对战略性新兴产业人才的培养，加速教学内容、课程体系、教学方法建设成为材料类新工科相关专业教学改革发展的方向。鉴于目前有机光电材料与器件教科书偏少现状，2013年我们编著了理论课教材《有机光电材料与器件》。该书获评“十二五”江苏省高等学校重点教材，至今已连续印刷6次。2018年我们又编著了实验课教材《有机光电材料与器件专业实验》，旨在与理论课教材相配套，促进学生理论联系实验。
众所周知，专业英语对从事高科技工作具有重要意义。学习专业英语的目的不仅在于强化巩固基础英语并进行实践应用，从而掌握科技英语技能，更是让学生能够熟练阅读国外相关文献，掌握国际上本领域发展前沿的最新动态，并具有一定的科技交流能力。在多年的教学过程中，我们也探索了《有机光电材料与器件》的双语教学改革。为了与理论与实验课程中文版教材相配套，2018年起，本团队开始着手编写英文版教材“Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices”。
英文版教材在知识点上与中文版教材相呼应，但内容上又不完全雷同。编写过程中，我们充分考虑到学生的学习理解能力，力求做到循序渐进、由浅入深和通俗易懂。书中部分内容来自编者的科研论文，同时参考了相关英文原版教材与英文科技文献，在形成讲义后，又经过多年课堂实践、几经易稿而成。
本教材主要内容包括有机光电材料与器件的基本概念、原理及应用。全书共分10章。第1章介绍分子的吸收光谱与影响因素。第2章介绍分子荧光与磷光及其影响因素，包括分子内与分子间能量转移和荧光传感器相关知识。第3章介绍变色材料与器件，包括在光、电驱动下的分子变色机理、基本概念及其相关应用。第4章介绍有机发光二极管（OLED）材料与器件，包括器件结构、工作原理、应用及活性层材料。第5章介绍液晶（LC）基础知识，包括液晶材料取向与性能。第6章介绍有机场效应晶体管（OEFT），包括工作原理、性能参数与材料。第7章介绍有机太阳能电池（OSC），包括工作原理、性能参数与材料，此外还介绍了太阳光的热/化学能转换基本原理、材料与器件。第8章介绍有机光导体（OPC）材料与器件。第9章介绍双光子吸收材料及其应用，包括双光子吸收基本概念、分子设计与构效关系以及潜在应用。第10章介绍有机弱光上转换原理、材料（体系）设计原理、构效关系与潜在应用领域。
本书编写分工如下：第1、8章梁作芹，第2、3章叶常青，第4、5章李琳，第6、7章陈硕然，第9章王筱梅，第10章叶常青、李琳；全书由叶常青、王筱梅汇总定稿。
最后感谢化学工业出版社编辑给予的大力帮助。由于编者水平有限，疏漏和不当之处在所难免，谨请读者批评指正。
Preface
The field of organic optoelectronic materials is flourishing， accompanied by a rapid increase in demand for talents in related industries. In order to enhance the training of talents in strategic emerging industries and accelerate the development of teaching content， curriculum system， and teaching methods for materials-related majors， we have made efforts in teaching reform. Recognizing the current shortage of textbooks on organic optoelectronic materials and devices， we compiled the theoretical textbook “Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices” in 2013. The book was recognized as a key textbook for higher education institutions in Jiangsu Province during “the 12th Five-Year Plan” and has been reprinted 6 times. In 2018， we also compiled the experimental textbook “Experi- ments on Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices” to complement the theoretical textbook and promote the integration of theory and experiments for students.
It is well known that professional English is of great significance for those engaged in high-tech work. The purpose of professional English is not only to strengthen the foun- dation of English and apply it in practice， but also to master the skills of scientific and technological English. It enables students to proficiently read relevant foreign literature， grasp the latest developments in the field at home and abroad， and have certain scientific and technological communication abilities. Over the years of teaching， we have also explored bilingual teaching reform for “Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices”. In order to complement the theoretical and experimental textbooks， our team began to write the English textbook “Organic Optoelectronic Materials and Devices” in 2018.
This English textbook corresponds to the content of the original Chinese version in terms of knowledge points， but it is not entirely identical， presenting a completely new English textbook. In the writing process， we fully considered the students’ learning and comprehension abilities， ensuring a gradual and easy-to-understand progression. Some of the content in the book is derived from the authors’ research papers， while also referencing relevant English original textbooks and literature. After forming the lecture notes， it underwent multiple years of classroom practice and revisions to be completed.
The book introduces the basic concepts， principles， and applications of organic optoelectronic materials and devices， divided into 10 chapters. Chapters 1， 8 were written by Zuoqin Liang， chapters 2， 3 by Changqing Ye， chapters 4， 5 by Lin Li， chapters 6， 7 by Shuoran Chen， chapter 9 by Xiaomei Wang， and chapter 10 by Changqing Ye and Lin Li， with the entire book summarized by Changqing Ye and Xiaomei Wang.
Finally， we would like to express our gratitude to the editor from Chemical Industry Press， for her strong support.
Due to the limited expertise of the authors， errors are inevitable， and we welcome constructive criticism and corrections.
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